Pre-War Manoeuvres markings
 

For major pre-war exercises, balkenkreuz on ac were replaced by a coloured disc. Some say this was black, some say red. Can anyone confirm what colours they were?

Re: Pre-War Manoeuvres markings
 

Red is more likely, as probable opponents, Soviet VVS had Red Stars and Polish AF had white red marks. From the other side, red circles is Japaneese national markings...

Re: Pre-War Manoeuvres markings
 

Red is more likely imo. Black would have educated Luftwaffe pilots to see planes with black discs as hostile. Bad for an airforce supporting a civil war party using exactly those markings.

Remember the Legion Condor and the rest of the Spanish National Airforce used black discs as marking.

Regards

Roland