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Researching the Luftwaffe through Prisoner Interrogations
"SECRET A.D.I.(K) Report No.160/1944
THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION HAS BEEN OBTAINED FROM P/W AS THE STATEMENTS HAVE NOT AS YET BEEN VERIFIED, NO MENTION OF THEM SHOULD BE MADE IN INTELLIGENCE SUMMARIES OF COMMANDS OR LOWER FORMATIONS, NOR SHOULD THEY BE ACCEPTED UNTIL COMMENTED ON AIR MINISTRY INTELLIGENCE SUMMARIES OR SPECIAL COMMUNICATIONS. A G.A.F. PATHFINDER UNIT. Further Report on Ju.88 S-1, Z6+IN, of 5/K.G.66, brought down in the sea off Brighton on 25th March 1944. (Previous A.D.I.(K) Report No.141/1944). 1. The present report may be taken as the third of a series - the first two in which were A.D.I.(K) Reports Nos. 64 and 108/1944 - dealing with the most recent G.A.F. pathfinder practice. 2. The principal subject of interest which has emerged from the interrogation of the one survivor of the Z6+IN is the employment by his Staffel of a method of target pinpointing known as the Egon procedure. 3. Since the issue of the last pathfinder report, the pilot of the Z6+HK, who was wounded when shot down on February 24th, has become available for interrogation and he has also contributed to the information which this report contains on the activities of I/K.G.66. EGON PROCEDURE 4. On the night of 24th/25th March, the Z6+IN of 5/K.G. 66 was engaged in pathfinding for the attack on London; the petrol tanks were holed by A.A. fire and on the way home the aircraft came down in the sea through lack of fuel after the crew had baled out. 5. The Z6+IN, which was equipped with the FUG.25a, FUGe.10, FUGe.16, PeilGe.6 and the FUGe.216 ("Neptun") tail warning device - the latter out of order - had laid its flares by means of course and pinpointing data supplied by its own ground control. 6. This system of controlling aircraft from the ground is known as the "Egon Verfahren" (Egon Procedure) and in operation depends upon response radiated by the FUGe.25a in the aircraft being picked up and D/F'd by two Freyas. 7. During flight, the position of the aircraft is continuously plotted by means of data supplied by the Freya and necessary course corrections are passed to the aircraft by ground control in the form of coded W/T and R/T signals. 8. Orders for flare or bomb release are similarly transmitted, allowances for drift being taking into account by the plotting centre; an accuracy to within 0.3° - or according to P/W about 200 metres - is claimed for the placing of the flares. (It should be noted that 0.3° at a distance of as little as 150 km. is nearer 900 m.) 9. The Egon Procedure at present being used, relying as it does on course and bomb-release signals passed by W/T and R/T, is as yet only in an extemporised form. A new attachment to the FUGe.25a in the aircraft will shortly provide for visual signals appearing on a Cathode Ray Tube and will eliminate all W/T and R/T course and bombing signals without basically altering the present procedure. 10. This attachment is now being tried out by 4/K.G.66 at Strausberg and according to P/W it is about to be introduced into operational use; the apparatus and its method of operation are described in a later section of this report. Operation of Egon Procedure. 11. At the briefing for a pathfinder operation, crews are given a course to the target and a height at which the flares or bombs are to be released. 12. After take-off, the FuGe.25a in the aircraft is switched on and Freya No. 1 plots the aircraft; the FuGe.25a radiations giving the single-letter recognition characteristic of the aircraft are received by the Freya and range and bearing data are passed from the Freya to the plotting room. 13. The Egon plotting table is similar to the night-fighter Seeburg Tisch; a transparent map of the area of operations is laid on a glass table and the aircraft is represented by a red spot of light which is thrown on the underside of the glass by an automatic projector connected directly to the Freyas. The course of the pathfinder aircraft can thus be followed visually and any corrections necessary are given by Control. 14. In the vicinity of the target Freya No.2 takes the aircraft over from Freya No.1 and thereafter no further course corrections, but only the flare or bomb release instructions, are given. 15. The height of the aircraft cannot be checked by the ground Control and it remains with the pilot to see that his height at the time of release conforms with the instruction given at the briefing. 16. When marking targets over London the aircraft were usually briefed to fly over southern England at 9,500 metres, reducing height to 8,500 metres to release the flares. The height of flight given at the briefing for Egon-controlled aircraft was never less than 6,000 meters over London. Communication with Aircraft. 17. The whole of the Egon procedure depends in its operation on a short series of code-words used in communication between Control and aircraft; these code-words are already familiar, having been borrowed from the G.A.F. controlled nightfighters. 18. It, was stated by P/W that recently the R/T channels of communication had been seriously disturbed by British countermeasures and to combat such interference it has recently been the practice to transmit all traffic passing from Control to the aircraft in R/T and W/T simultaneously, the latter in two different channels. 19. The R/T traffic passes on the frequency band of the FuGe.16 whilst both the W/T channels are within that of the FuGe.10 and PeilGe.6. One of these two W/T channels is received by the aircraft on the PeilGe.6; this is on a frequency of 563 kc/s., the signals being superimposed on the broadcasting programme of Calais I - the familiar vehicle for the outpourings of one William Joyce. The other is received on another frequency on the FuGe.10, 20. The series of signal code-words, their equivalents in the morse channels and their significant in the procedure are as follows:- W/T R/T Meaning (Preceded by a/c call-sign) KKK Kommen You are being plotted. AAA Autobahn Change bearing to..... RRR Rolf Bearing 5° right. 2 RRR Zweimal Rolf Bearing 10°right. LLL Lisa Bearing 5° left. UUU Kirchturm Height CCC Caruso Fly straight and level cours. ZZZ Pauke Pauke Open bomb doors. -(dash) -(W/T dash) Pre-release signal of 3-4 secs. .(dot) .(W/T dot) Bomb or flare release signal. ? Kurfürst Acknowledge that signal is understood,(reply on FuGe.25a) AAA HHH Autobahn Mat Set course for base. (Heimat). 21. In operations the first signal which passes from Control to the aircraft is the information that Freya No.1 has engaged the aircraft and plotting has commenced. This signal opens with the aircraft call-sign, e.g. CA1, followed by KKK or Kommen; in subsequent signals the two letters of the aircraft call-sign are omitted and the number only given. 22. The aircraft has no communication with its control but replies to this and other signal, by manipulation of the FUGe.25a - switching off for 3-4 seconds signifying that the signal has been received and understood and repeated switching off and on signifying the contrary. 23. Course corrections are passed to the aircraft in units of 5°, represented by the code-words Rolf or Lisa or their morse equivalents; thus Rolf or Lisa = 5° and three times Rolf or Lisa = 15°, In passing such instructions, Control signals the aircraft's call-sign followed by the following type of message:- R/T: Autobahn dreimal Rolf. W/T: AAA - 3 - RRR. 24. Whilst the aircraft is being followed by Freya No.1, any necessary corrections in course continue up to the point where the order is given to fly on a straight and level course after which no further course corrections are made and orders for release of flares follow. 25. When the aircraft is in a position to commence the bombing run the order "Pauke Pauke" (open bomb doors) is given, at which point Freya No.2 takes over and a pre-release signal of a single dash is given, followed by a release sign of a single dot. 26. The aircraft then signals "Quitting" (operation completed) by manipulation of the FUGe.25a switch, Control gives the order to return, and the aircraft is vectored back to base. 27. It is noteworthy that for this purpose again the subterfuge of Calais I has been resorted to; on the last flight of the Z6+IN the crew was briefed to return to Montdidier unless the march "Kommt zurück" ("come back") was played by Calais; on hearing this tune a landing was to be made at Soesterberg. "Kommt zurück" was duly played and the Z6+IN was on its way to Soesterberg when it came to grief off Brighton. 28. It was stated that with the Egon procedure it was possible for the ground control to direct one aircraft every ten minutes; it is the practice, however for the flare dropping aircraft to orbit the target after release of one cluster of flares and to be controlled in a second run over the target after an interval of six minutes to renew the concentration before the first flares have burned out. EGON GERAT - FUG.25a ATTACHMENT. 29. The introduction of the attachment to the PuGe.25a, consisting of a Cathode Ray Tube presentation unit, will dispense with all W/T and R/T signals as navigational aids in the Egon Procedure. 30. The attachment, which was invented and tried out at Rechlin by one Stabsingenieur BENES, consists of a unit placed in the fuselage of the aircraft and a presentation unit, placed between the pilot and observer, embodying a Cathode Rey Tube of about the same diameter as that of the Lichtenstein. 31. The attachment was thought by P/W to have a common aerial array with the FUGe.25a, the latter aerial being a rod about 35 om. in length. 32. The scale of the Cathode Ray Tube consists of a circle divided into equal segments, each of which represents, and is marked with, one of the code-words used in the Egon Procedure. The circle is surrounded by an outer circle which is marked clockwise from 0 to 9, the 0 being at 12 o'clock in the circle, so that the whole scale has much the appearance of a dartboard. 33. In operation, the Egon Procedure will be followed in the manner already described, but the visual signal on the tube will replace the aural signals at present in use. 34. A short blip, radiating from the centre of the tube, first appears in the segment representing the appropriate signal, such as "Autobahn". Bearings are than given in the same way by a long blip, also from the centre, appearing opposite a succession of figures in the outer circle, for instance 3 followed by 5 and 5 repeated represents 355°. 35. Course corrections can similarly be given by a short blip appearing for example, in the "Rolf" segment followed by a long blip opposite 3 in the outer circle, which would mean '3 times Rolf' or a correction of 15° right. 36. Height can similarly be given by indicating "Kirchturm", followed by the necessary figures. TARGET MARKING PROCEDURE. 37. According to the pilot of the Z6 + HK, which was shot down on 24th February 1944, the Verbandsführer - Master of Ceremonies - is being employed in target marking procedure; this was denied by the P/W from the Z6+ IN, who was in another Staffel, but the pilot of the Z6 + HK claims to have acted as Verbandsführer on his last operation. 38. It was stated that the first pathfinder aircraft and the Verbandsführer arrive simultaneously over the target and when the pathfinder aircraft lays the first flares their position is checked by the Verbandsführer from a higher altitude. 39. If the flares have not been correctly laid, the Verbandsführer drops a single red flare, which he places above the false cluster as a sighn to the attacking force; by then himself proceeds to place flare in what he considered to be the correct position. If by now the attacking force to nearing the target, he is said to inform the formation leaders by R/T in clear of the change in marking and that the false cluster is to be ignored. 40. It is noteworthy that both of the present P/W were convinced that decoy flares have been dropped on several occasions during attacks; P/W stated that this would be countered by the Verbandsführer announcing this by R/T and/or dropping a flare of a different colour. 41. The burning time of the normally used single candle flare, the Mark.C.50, is given as seven minutes and these are renewed by the pathfinder aircraft, with the help of navigational aids, in their sixth minute of burning. 42. The normal load of flares carried by the pathfinder aircraft is eighteen Mark.C.50's; these are dropped in three runs with six on each run, or alternatively in two runs of nine. I/K.G.66. Order of Battle. 43. According to the most recently captured P/W, I/K.G.66, although it has for some time had a strength of five Staffeln, is still nominally one Gruppe. Up to 25th March 1944 the disposition and equipment of these Staffeln were as follows:- Staffel Equipment Base 1&2/K.G.66 Ju.88 S-1 Avord, forward base Ju.188 Montdidier. 3/K.G.66 Ju.88 S-1 Cormeille-en-Vexin. Ju.188. 4/K.G.66 Ju.88. Strausberg Ju.188. 5/K.G.66 JU.88 S-1 Avord and Montdidier. 44. Up to about the first week in March the 1st, 2nd and 5th Staffeln were based at Montdidier but continued attention from Allied aircraft, including a fighter-bomber attack in which three aircraft were destroyed, forced a move further back to Avord, K.G.40 being ousted from that airfield in the process. 45. Aircraft of all three Staffeln still used Montdidier operationally, however, and fuelling facilities were available there; it was usual to fly from Avord to this airfield immediately before starting off on operations. 46. Major SCHMIDT is still Kommandeur of I/K.G.66, he just escaped being written off recently, however, when his aircraft was shot down by Mosquitoes between Avord and Montdidier. His crew was killed. 47. Hauptmann SCHMIDT, the Staffelkapitän of the 2nd Staffel, was lost in the attack on Hull on 19th March; his successor is not known. 48. Oberleutnant de MILDE, a signal officer formally at Halle is Staffelkapitän of the 3rd Staffel and Oberleutnant BÖHMANN now commands the 5th Staffel. 49. The 5th Staffel has sixteen officers on its strength, most of whom are signal officers. Two of these are Leutnant SCHUBERT and Leutnant MEUHAUSER. ACTIVITIES OF I/K.G.66 50. It must be emphasised that recent P/W of K.G.66 have had small knowledge of the activities of other Staffeln of the Gruppe beyond their own; the W/T operator of the Z6+IN, although he claimed a knowledge above the average, must be classed with the other P/W since his information was mainly from hearsay. He, like the others, can only be relied upon where his own Staffel is concerned. 51. The 5th Staffel was formed in about May 1943 from personnel of the 3rd Staffel, with the addition of some crews from K.G.6. Losses, which have been heavy, have since been replaced with crews from the other Staffeln of K.G.66 as well as from K.G.54 and K.G.2. 52. This Staffel commenced operations with target marking by D/R but in about December 1943. December 1943 the Egon Procedure was practised at Rechlin and later on from Montdidier. 53. According to this P/W the activities of the Staffeln of I/K.G.66 are at present divided as follows:- 1st Staffel.... thought to be engaged as backers-up. Navigational aid used uncertain. 2nd Staffel.... Pathfinding, using "Gee" (see A.D.I.(K) 108/1944). 3rd Staffel.... Known as the Störstaffel (jamming Staffel). Radar investigation and jamming flights. 4th Staffel.... Non-operational: perfecting new Egon apparatus as well as trying out a "Queen Bee" aircraft. 5th Staffel.... Known as the "E" Staffel: pathfinding using the Egon Procedure. INVESTIGATION AND JAMMING. 54. The Störstaffel - the 3rd - is said to have commenced operating in August 1943 in the fields of the anticipation and attempted diversion of Bomber Command night attacks. 55. A few Ju.88 S-1's of this Staffel are variously equipped with the Hyperbel Gerät, the "Naxos" search receiver such as is used in U-boots for the detection of Radar transmission, and a set known as the "Viktor 1" for jamming R/T. 56. In operations, an extra member of the crew is carried - an English speaking signals officer - sometimes the aircraft may be fitted with drop tanks. 57. When making investigation flights with the object of anticipating Bomber Command's targets, the aircraft are allotted specific areas of operation - the area off the North Sea coast between Boulogne and Denmark has the code-word "Rodelbahn" - and the first duty of the special W/T operator is to discover any British navigational aids which may be in operation. 58. The frequencies and bearings of such transmissions are passed to a plotting centre which, using data from several investigating aircraft, instigates counter-measures to the navigational aids and the laying of decoy flares short of the conjectured target. 59. Should the British navigational aids in use be discovered in the earlier stages of an attack, the practice is said to be to withhold any countermeasures until the later stages, to ensure that no intermediate evasion of these countermeasures can take place. 60. It was stated that the Staffel was at present only making these investigational flights as far as Western Germany but that they had already claimed some successes in their efforts to divert attacks. FW.190's ON NIGHT OPERATIONS. 61. It was stated that the, F.W.190's of S.K.G. 10 which use Rosières and an airfield in Holland as their bases are now equipped with FuGe.25a and controlled by the Egon Procedure. 62. Several pilots of the F.W.190's are said to have reported wonderful bombing results before the installation of the FuGe.25a took place, whereas they in reality merely made a pleasant flight over some innocuous area and jettisoned their bomb. With the introduction of the FuGe.25a many of the pilots who did not understand its functions are said to have found themselves facing a court martial. 63. The signal to the F.W.190’s to remain over the target was stated to be "Walzer" and the homing signals the words "Radetzkymarsch". A.D.I.(K) S.D.Felkin 5th Apl.44. Wing Commander AMENDMENT TO A.D.I.(K) REPORT NO. 160/1944. Paragraph 27: Delete and substitute:- "27. It is noteworthy that for this purpose again the subterfuge of Calais I has been resorted to. In the last flight of the Z6 + IN the signal for the crew to return to Montdidier was to be the tune "Komm' zurück, ich warte auf dich" (well known in this country under the title of "J'attendrai") played every three minutes by Calais; if this tune was not played, the crew was to land at Soesterberg. "Komm' zurück" was duly played and the Z6 + IN was on its way to Montdidier when it came to grief off Brighton. The pilot of the Z6+HK also referred to a procedure of this nature. He stated that the playing of a waltz was the signal to remain over the target and the Radetzky March the signal to return to base. No doubt the tunes played and their significance would be varied from sortie to sortie." Paragraph 63: Delete." then in a second file this ... "Further Report on the Crew of the Ju.88 8-3 Z6 + FH of 1/K.G.66) shot down by A.A. 5 miles N.W. of Alost, on 23rd January 1945. (Previous A.D.I.(K) Report No.142/1945) LAST FLIGHT. 1. It will be remembered that this aircraft was brought down while acting as pathfinder to a minelaying operation in the Scheldt Estuary. The flight was described in detail in the previous report and there is only one point of interest to add; that after marking the minelaying point at the mouth of the Scheldt, the Z6 + FH was to go on to attack the night fighter airfield at Knocke/Le Zoute, for which purpose 18 x 50 kg. S.D. bombs were carried. If the lighting at Knocke airfield was not on when the crew reached it they were to use their bombs on A.A. batteries as targets of opportunity. I/K.G.66. 2. It is confirmed that 1/K.G.66 based at Dedolstorf has reverted to its old duties as a specialised pathfinder unit. It is organised in the same way as when it operated against England in the spring of 1944, that is to say with the 1st Staffel using the "Y" procedure, the 2nd the "Truhe". (the German equivalent of Gee), and the 3rd the EGON procedure. There is, however, one important innovation; the lst Staffel has been receiving instruction in a new navigational method, a combination of the "Y" and Egon procedures, which will be described in a later section of the present report. 3. P/Ws' knowledge of the Gruppe's activities was confined to their own Staffel; they knew that the 2nd Staffel used "Truhe" and that there were a number of German Gee stations, but they did not know the locations of the latter and could give no further details. 4. Shortly before the crew of the Z6 + FH was shot down, the 1st Staffel had received three new crews, bringing their strength up to 12. Aircraft for these new crews, however, had not yet arrived. ACTIVITIES. 5. The present crew had joined 1/K.G.66 at Dedolstorf in May 1944, having previously been with 4/K.G.54, with which unit they had flown 7 operations in Italy and 10 against this country. 6. At Dedolstorf they did little or nothing during the summer of 1944 beyond some very scanty training and they did not make their first operational sortie until December 4th; this was a weather reconnaissance over an area of the North See East of the Thames estuary in preparation for a mining sortie in the Scheldt that same night. 7. In about October or November it had been known in K.G.66 that the Germans believed the Allies to be planning a largescale landing in the Bay of Venice, suit that K.G.66 was to be moved South to take part in a "Total Einsatz" (full-scale operation) against it. The landing did not, however, materialise. 8. At the beginning of VON RUNDSTEDT's offensive a number of aircraft of K.G.66 were detailed to mark an area near Eupen where paratroops were to be dropped. The operation was kept a close secret and members of the unit were forbidden to write home until the flight had been completed. Some of the paratroops were dropped from Ju.52's of T.G.30; about 100 aircraft in all took part in the mission. 9. A few days later 4-5 aircraft of 1/K.G.66 took off from Dedolstorf to act as pathfinders for a bomber force in an attack on some woods to the North of Bastogne which were stated to conceal a concentration of artillery. They were accompanied by 3-4 Ju.88 A-4's of K.G.200, the crews of which were receiving pathfinder instruction from K.G.66. 10. When the K.G.66 aircraft arrived over the target the weather was very bad with low cloud and poor ground visibility and as the crews could not identify the target they returned home with their markers. The crews of K.G.200, however, being new to this kind of operation, decided to drop their markers rather than return with them, the result being that the wrong target was marked. 11. The Kommandeur of I4.1.66 made a complaint to Generalmajor PELZ and soon afterwards the aircraft of K.G.200 were withdrawn from Dedolstorf. 12. At about Christmastime some 12 aircraft of 1/K.G.66, six of them acting as pathfinders and illuminators and the remainder as normal bombers, flew another sortie to the Bastogne area. They flew on a course Dedolstorf - Hanover - Paderborn - Bonn/Mangelar airfield (marked by a searchlight dome) a light beacon at Trier - a point immediately behind the German lines, where the starting point of the target marking run was indicated by Flak star shells. From the latter point the present crew flew by D/R for about two minutes on a given course and at a given height before releasing their flares and ground markers. TARGET MARKING. 13. The flight to the Bastogne pocket described above gives a typical instance of the method of navigation used by those aircraft of K.G.66 which did not employ special navigational aids. The target marking run was flown on D/R and just before the target was reached the aircraft began dropping their flares. Ten of these were dropped in a straight line at tensecond intervals - i.e. about 1000 metres apart - and laid so that the centre of the line was over the target. The aircraft then made a 180° turn, identified the target by the light of the flares and then dropped coloured ground markers, usually green, on the target itself. 14. The normal load carried was ten flares and two A.B.250's containing ground markers. The flares were released from a height of 2000 metres; they illuminated at about 1200 metres and burned down to 200 metres above ground. LUX BUOYS. 15. The Lux buoys used by K.G.66 for minelaying operations and, as stated in the previous report, used by certain aircraft of the Gruppe whilst pathfinding for at least one V.1 launching operation, are carried in A.B.250 containers. The containers can, of course, be released from any height but they must be fused to open, releasing the Lux buoys, at a minimum height of 200 metres. 16. P/W said that in very clear weather the Lux buoys could be seen at a distance of about 20 km. from an aircraft flying at a height of 2000 metres. NAVIGATION. 17. As befits a pathfinder unit, K.G.66 treats the question of navigation as of primary importance during briefing. Full details of W/T and visual beacons, Sonne, and other navigational aids are given to the crews at least two hours before take-off to allow ample time for study, and the observer of the present crew states that with these aids it is very difficult to go wrong unless the radio apparatus refuses to function. 18. If the flight has gone according to plan the operation is not examined in detail at the subsequent interrogation, but if anything has gone wrong the latter is investigated very thoroughly and the observer had to make a full report. SPECIAL NAVIGATIONAL AIDS. Egon. 19. It was stated in the previous report that a detachment of K.G.66, consisting of three crews of the 1st Staffel and four crews of the 3rd Staffel, was sent about the middle of November 1944 to Zwischenahn where they were told that they would have to fly sorties under Egon control in conjunction with He.111's carrying V.1's. 20. During the first fortnight in December the crews carried out a certain number of Egon practice flights but the weather was so bad that the present P/W, who were members of the party, made only one flight. This was to Texel and the aircraft experienced severe icing conditions both on the outward and homeward routes. Possibly as a result of the aerials icing up they received no instructions from the ground; on returning to base they were told that the Freya had plotted them the whole way to Texel and back and had sent them instruction, but had received no response. 21. The observer states that the usual operational height for the Egon procedure is up to 4000/5000 metres, at which height the maximum control range is about 350 km. "Y" Procedure. 22. The present crew returned from Zwischenahn to Dedolstorf about the middle of December. Up to this time none of them had received more than theoretical instruction in the "Y" procedure, but about a week later on December 20th/21st, the W/T operator made one flight as a member of another crew undergoing "Y" training. 23. This flight was from Dedolstorf to Wittenberg, about 100 km. to the E.N.E. The aircraft was controlled from a "Y" installation at Dedolstorf consisting of one single mast with a small aerial array at its head of which P/W could give no exact description. Instructions were passed to the aircraft over the FuGe 17 and when the ground control wanted to fix the aircraft the W/T operator of the crew depressed the "Y" key on his FuGe 17 for five seconds on request. 24. The flight was a failure. The "Y" beam became bent owing, P/W thinks, to variations in the electric main current, which fluctuated between 220 and 180 volts, and when the bombing signal was received the aircraft, although still on the beam, was at Magdeburg, some 95 km to the South of Wittenberg. 25. The next day the Staffelkapitän of 1/K.G.66 undertook a similar flight, which was more successful. When he received his bombing signal he was over Seehausen, only a few km. S.W. of Wittenberge. The New "X" Procedure. 26. This new procedure is basically a combination of the "Y" beam and the Egon procedure. A "Y" beam - referred to by P/W as "Oskar"; the code name known to have been applied to the original "Y" beam used in 1940 - is employed in conjunction with the FuGe 28, the FuGe 25a and a clock which P/W called the "Y" clock, but which appears from their description to be similar in principle to, if not identical with, the "clock" reported in April 1944 as having been devised for the Egon procedure. (A.D.I.(K) 160/1944). 27. The knowledge of the present P/W on the new procedure was only derived from theoretical instruction. They had heard whilst at Zwischenahn in December 1944 that the system was to be introduced in their Staffel, but there was some delay in obtaining the necessary apparatus, notably the "Y" clock, and at the time when P/W were captured on January 23rd, only two or three aircraft of the Staffel were equipped. 28. P/W themselves had received a certain amount of theoretical instruction during January but only one of them - the W/T operator - had seen the "Y" clock. They were to have received airborne instruction on January 25th and 26th flying over the North Sea one northerly course from Leeuwarden; it was thought that the necessary airborne instruction could last about 8-10 days in all and that early in March aircraft of the Staffel would be ready to use the new procedure operationally over the front line areas. 29. The type of "Y" beam station used is described by P/W as a number of main aerial masts about 10-12 metres high interspaced with smaller vertical dipoles which radiate one main beam and a series of about six secondary beams on each side of it at diminishing intervals, the first being at 13° from the main beam. The array is located on a large turntable for directional purposes. P/W stated that two of these "Y" stations were at Leeuwarden and on the mainland near Den Helder respectively. 30. For the reception of the "Y" beam the aircraft carries a FuGe 28, the visual indicator of which is referred to according to circumstances as "Kommando" or "Anzeiger". When the aircraft is flying along the main beam to the target the pointer on the dial gives "Kommando", that is to say when the pointer indicates left it "commands" that a correction to the left must be made to return to the beams. When the aircraft is flying on a secondary beam, however, the pointer is referred to as "Anzeiger" and "indicates" the position of the aircraft in relation to the beams. When the pointer indicates left for instance, the aircraft is to the left of the secondary beam and a correction to the right must be made to bring it back to that beam. 31. The reverse holds good when flying back from the target to base but for convenience the visual indicator can be switched over for the return flight to indicate in the same way as on the outward flight. 32. The continuous tone of the secondary beam is undulating while that of the main beam is level and the difference can be readily distinguished by the W/T operator. It is usual for the aircraft to fly along o secondary beam until instructions are received over the "Y" clock or the FuGe 17 to fly on the main beam. 33. The "Y" clock indicates by means of radio impulses from the ground station a previously-arranged series of code instructions similar to those used in the Egon procedure. Its great advantage is that it dispenses with almost all R/T or W/T signals between ground central and aircraft. 34. P/W did not know the FuGe number of this instrument and none of them, with the exception of the W/T operator, had heard any other name for it than the "Y" clock; the latter had once or twice heard it referred to as the SNK-Gerät, but he had no idea what these initials denoted. 35. The description given by P/W is strikingly similar to that contained in A.D.I.(K) 160/1944 paras. 29-36. Basically the clock consists of a cathode ray tube screen about 20 cm. in diameter with numbers from 0 to 9 spaced at intervals round its circumference. Each of these numbers denotes a code instruction, the significance of which is given on the W/T briefing sheet for each operation and is varied from sortie to sortie. 36. Numbers 1 to 3 or 4 are reserved for the individual aircraft and in explanation of this P/W says that at the most four aircraft would be used as pathfinders proper, whilst other aircraft in the unit would be used to renew the markers and flares laid by these four aircraft, flying probably on Egon or even on D/R to bring them near enough to the original marking to enable them to correct their course themselves. 37. The remaining numbers, i.e. 0 and 4 or 5 to 9, are allocated to the respective code instructions, such as "distance from ground station to aircraft", "distance from aircraft to target", "height", "change course left", "change course right", and bomb release warning. 38. The "hand" of the look appears as a wedge-shaped blip on the screen of the Cathode ray tube about two-thirds out from its centre. It rests at a neutral position at twelve o'clock and is moved to the various figures by means of impulses from the ground station lasting only 1/100th of a second, and therefore calculated by the Germans to be unjammable by us. 39. There is an aerial in a shallow perspex-covered bola in the centre of the underside of the fuselage, but P/W could not describe this array or say whether it was for the "Y" beam reception or for the SNK-Gerät. 40. During its flight the aircraft keeps its FuGe 25a switched on and is plotted by ground Radar, which gives any necessary instructions over the "clock". According to P/W the positions 1 and 2 on the FuGe 25A indicate "Grob-Messung" (coarse fix) and "Fein-Messung" (fine fix) respectively. 41. The method of working with the new "Y" procedure is as follows: The aircraft flies by D/R from its base until it picks up the secondary beam of the "Y" station, along which it then flies until instructions are received to move over to the main beam. The W/T operator has his FuGe 17 switched on ready to receive any instructions, and the FuGe 25A is switched on in position 1. 42. From time to time signals are received from the ground, the warning to the W/T operator being a continuous tone of about 2 - 3 seconds on the FuGe 17 indicating to him that he is to stand by to receive instructions over the clock. Shortly afterwards a small white indicator an the top of the clock lights up and the blip moves round from the neutral position at 12 o'clock to one of the numbers between 1 and 4 indicating the particular aircraft being called. After stopping at the number for a second or two only, the blip returns to the neutral position. 43. The message for the particular aircraft called then begins. If the instruction, for instance, is "change course to the right by 15°", the blip will first move to the number allotted to "Change course right" and then in turn to the numbers 0, 1, 5, indicating 015°, returning to the neutral position after each individual number, Acknowledgment of the message is made by switching the FuGe 25A off and on again. If this is done instructions are continued if necessary, but if no acknowledgment is received by the ground control, the instruction is repeated until acknowledged with the FuGe 25A. 44. Should the aircraft wander owing, for example, to disturbance of the beam, fresh instructions are sent from time to time by means of the clock. Shortly before the target is reached, instructions are received via the "clock" to switch over to position 2 on the FuGe 25A for a fine fix on the last run to the target. 45. One minute before the actual target is reached the W/T operator receives his standby warning on the FuGe 17 followed by the appropriate code number on the clock denoting that the markers or flares must be released in 60 seconds time. The W/T operator or the observer then "stops" this time on his watch, but the flares or markers are not-released until a red lamp lights up above the clock; this may be a little short of 60 seconds or a little longer. 46. The bomb release signal could also be given over the FuGe 17 instead of over the clock. The method in this case would be that at the beginning of the 60 seconds a morse signal such as -. would be given and then when the time of release was reached a further -. , the flares being released on the final dot. 47. The clock is usually placed in front of the observer so that he can acknowledge signals with the FuGe 25A, which is also situated within his reach. 48. Although two or three aircraft of 1/K.G.66 are at present fitted with SNK, it is the intention to fit all aircraft of the Staffel with this new apparatus. The aircraft retains, however, its normal radio equipment, so that it can operate with either Egon or the new "Y" procedure as required. The aircraft were flown from Dedolstorf to Celle for the fitting of the SNK. FuGe 217. (Radar). 49. The Z6 + FH was fitted with a FuGe 217. The crew had little practical experience with it - they had used it on only one sortie, in the course of which nothing was picked up - and they appear to have had rather inadequate instruction in its function, but they were able to give the following description of the apparatus. 50. The FuGe 217 differs from the FuGe 216 in both the display and the aerials. In the FuGe 217 the display is horizontal across the middle of the screen and through the centre of it runs a vertical white line which represents zero. The return from the aircraft itself shows on both sides of this middle white line, whilst the blip from the enemy aircraft shows on one side or the other. 51. The range runs to both left and right, with an extreme on either side of 8 km. The exact object of ranging from the middle is not known to P/W and they can only suggest that it may be to indicate whether the aircraft approaching from the rear is to the left or right. 52. The W/T operator states that the crew had had this apparatus explained to them merely as equipment for searching to the rear and had never heard of it in connection with D/F'ing, although having a vertical line in the centre of the screen with display on both sides of it would indicate that perhaps it could be used for this purpose. 53. Although the screen is calibrated up to 8 km, the actual maximum range at K.G.66's normal operational height - some 2000 metres - is only about 4 km, as this is the distance on the display between the return from the parent aircraft and the ground return; the observer assumes that the minimum range at which an aircraft can be identified is about 500 metres, but it may be a little less. 54. Below the screen are three control knobs for focus, brilliance and range; the latter has two positions, one for a coarse setting giving the 8 km, range, and the other a fine setting for a range of 4 km. 55. There is an aerial array above each wing surface; that on the starboard wing, P/W believes, is the transmitter, and that on the port wing the receiver. The main support for each array protrudes rearward from the wing surface at an angle of about 35° from the horizontal, at a point about a quarter of the way inboard from the wingtip and just forward of the aileron. 56. Running upwards from the main support, at a slight angle to the vertical, are three feeders, each with a horizontal dipole at its tip, extending about 15 cm. to either side of the feeder. The feeders are staggered in length, the forward one being highest and the aft one lowest; the latter is almost directly over the trailing edge of the wing. 57. During lectures on FuGe 217, the instructor had drawn the lobe of search and P/W says that whereas in the FuGe 216 this was to the rear and downwards, in the FuGe 217 it was to the rear and above the aircraft, with the deepest point only some 400 metres below the aircraft itself. 58. The explanation of this may be that the operations carried out by K.G.66 were mainly those entailing a low flying height - anything from ground level up to 2000 metres - and therefore any contact by night fighters would be free the rear above rather than below. The angle of search is about 30° from the centre on each side, and there is a small lobe of search, probably about 1 km, to the front of the aircraft. 59. Crews are not enthusiastic about the FuGe 217 and the present one, although it had been flying several months with it, had only once used it on one sortie, mainly because when they switched it on it disturbed the whole of the radio equipment in the aircraft. Not only the intercom, but also ground signals over the FuGe 17 or FuGe 10 are upset, and it also makes D/F'ing extremely difficult. Apart from this, P/W also believe that the radiations facilitate the work of our airborne search equipment. JU.88 S-3. 60. The Z6 + FH, a Ju.88 S-3, was fitted with Jumo 213 engines. The crew are very enthusiastic about this aircraft and state that with the Jumo 213's it has the following speeds at about 2000 metres:- 2300 r.p.m............ 380 k.p.h. A.S.I. without bombs. 370 k.p.h. " with bombs. 2400 r.p.m............ 390 k.p.h. " without bombs. 380 k.p.h. " with bombs. 2700 r.p.m.(highest... 440 k.p.h. " without bombs. cruising speed) 430 k.p.h. " with bombs 61. They themselves had never exceeded 440 k.p.h. and in fast they usually flew with 2300 r.p.m. The rate of climb was stated to be 8 metres per second with bombs at 270-280 k.p.h. A.S.I. and 15 metres per second without bombs at 240-250 k.p.h. PERSONALITIES - 1/K.G.66. 62. Oberleutnant HANSEN is Technical Officer of the Gruppe. 63. 1st Staffel. Staffelkapitän Oberleutnant PIOTA. Ia.(Operations Officer) Oberleutnant HEBERSTREIT. N.O.(Signals Officer) Leutnant KUBLER. 64. The following are crews in the 1st Staffel:- Pilot: Oberleutnant PIOTA. Leutnant ALTROGGER. Observer: Unteroffizier SEMPF. Feldwebel HERMANN. W/T: Unteroffizier KONNER. Oberfähnrich GRAUENHORST. Pilot: Leutnant KUBLER. Oberleutnant TRAUBER. Observer: Feldwebel MALLY. Fähnrich SCHNEIDER. W/T: Unteroffizier SCHMIDT. Feldwebel BEHRENS. Pilot: Stabsfeldwebel FISCHER. Feldwebel HOFSTELLER. Observer: Oberleutnant HEBERSTREIT. Unteroffizier VOGEL. W/T: Stabsfeldwebel BACHMANN. Feldwebel NIED, Pilot: Oberfeldwebel JACOBS. Unteroffizier KELLER. Observer: Oberfeldwebel JAGLA. Unteroffizier SCHONFELD. W/T: Unteroffizier BINGEL. Unteroffizier SILKE. 65. Stabsfeldwebel FISCHER, who pilots Oberleutnant HEBERSTREIT the IA of the Gruppe, is in the Stabstaffel but is attached to the 1st Staffel. 66. Oberfeldwebel LEHR, a pilot in the Staffel, has gone off to the Luftkriegschule and will shortly be returning as a Leutnant. His W/T operator Feldwebel TOMASCHEK is at present without a crew. 67. Oberfeldwebel SIEMER has left the 1st Staffel and is now in the Kriegsschule; it is not known if he will return to the Staffel. 68. Apart from the above, three new crews with an Oberleutnant, an Oberfeldwebel and an Unteroffizier as pilots, names unknown, arrived a few days before the present crew was shot down. 2nd Staffel. 69. The following are pilots in the 2nd Staffel:- Oberleutnant GUSZ. Oberleutnant MADETZKI. Unteroffizier ROTGANGEL. Feldwebel ROTH. 70. Oberleutnant GUSZ is the Staffelkapitän; his observer is Unteroffizier ULLRICH. 3rd Staffel. 71. The following are members of the 3rd Staffel:- Pilot: Leutnant BERCHTOLD. Observer: Unteroffizier GRUNEL. W/T: Oberfeldwebel KURZ. Pilot: Oberleutnant MEHLS. " Leutnant HINZ. " Gefreiter KANDZORA. Losses. 72. The following were lost during the operations over the Bastogne pocket:— 1st Staffel - Oberfeldwebel SCHMALZBAUER. 3rd Staffel - Fähnrich TULLNER. Oberfeldwebel MOTZ. Leutnant SCHUBERT. 73. The W/T Operator of the last named was Feldwebel LABINSKI. K. G. 54. 74. It has been stated earlier in this report that prior to joining K.G.66 this crew, had been in II/K.G.54. In December 1944 one of them met a friend from his old unit who told him that II/K.G.54 was in process of converting to the Ar.234. Unfortunately, no further details were available. A.D.I.(K)& U.S. Air Interrogation. S.D. Felkin, 19th February 1945. Wing Commander." Bruce
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http://www.filephotoservice.co.uk/ RESEARCH AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES & OTHER UK INSTITUTIONS |
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Re: Using Ultra to research the Luftwaffe
"SECRET A.D.I.(K) Report No.187/1944
THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION HAS BEEN OBTAINED FROM P/W. AS THE STATEMENTS MADE HAVE NOT AS YET BEEN VERIFIED, NO MENTION OF THEM SHOULD BE MADE IN INTELLIGENCE SUMMARIES OF COMMAND OR LOWER FORMATIONS, NOR SHOULD THEY BE ACCEPTED AS FACT UNTIL COMMENTED ON IN AIR MINISTRY INTELLIGENCE SUMMARIES OR SPECIAL COMMUNICATIONS. SOME FURTHER NOTES ON G.A.F. PATHFINDER PROCEDURE. 1. Since the issue of A.D.I.(K) Report N°160/151,4, "A G.A.F. Pathfinder Unit", the two P/W concerned have added some further details of the Egon procedure. This information, together with some notes on other navigational aids, is summarised in the present report. EGON PROCEDURE Operation 2. It was stated to be usual for five or six aircraft from 5/K.G.66, using the Egon procedure, to take part in a pathfinder operation. Whilst some of these would be engaged in laying the turning point markers, others, all controlled on one and the same frequency, would be flying at intervals to the target to place and renew the target marking. 3. According to P/W, although one Freya would suffice for the Egon procedure, two plotting Freyas are employed so that the second can give undivided attention to the aircraft which is near and over the target, whilst the first Freya plots the aircraft up to that point. 4. When a pathfinder aircraft has released its first flares it is usual for it to make a 180° left-hand turn and fly away from the target, leaving its bomb-doors open and maintaining the same height as at the time of flare release; a further turn of 180° then brings the aircraft back to its original course for the second run-in. 5. Freya control is maintained during this manoeuvre and course corrections are given if necessary; should the aircraft be in the correct position for the bombing run, the only signals from control are those for pre-release (dash) and for release (dot). It is stated that the latter signal may consist of either one or three dots. 6. It frequently occurs that aircraft which have placed the turning-point markers also proceed to the target area to help in renewing the marker flares. In such cases the aircraft are given new courses by control immediately after completion of the turning-point marking; the initial new course is indicated in this case in degrees, e.g.: "Autobahn 128". 7. Freya control of any aircraft ceases immediately after the completion of the task of that particular aircraft. Range and Accuracy 8. The present Egon procedure is operable up to a range of approximately 270 km. P/W amplified his previous statement on the accuracy of the present Egon procedure and stated that he had been told it was accurate to 0.3 degrees in bearing and 200/250 metres in range. Communication with Aircraft 9. The P/W from the Z6+IN was able to add further code words and their meanings to the list given is paragraph 20 of A.D.I.(K) 160/1944.- W/T R/T Meaning 3 letter code group Zeppelin Originally (Rübezahl) Codes used for "control" ...--... Frage Question (precedes a codeword if a question is asked MAR Marie Your distance in min- (followed by a number) utes from base is ... NTE Ente Your distance from (followed by a number) the target is ... SNK Schnecke (=snail) decrease speed EXP Express increase speed KRS Karussel (=merry-goround) Fly in circle REI Reise Reise Fly on as at present NAL 1 Kanal 1 NAL 2 Kanal 2 (The keyed (morse (recognition) and un- (Keyed signals (respectively of the (FuGe 25A. CCC Caruso No more evasive action to be taken from now (prior to bomb release signal) AAAMAT+/+ Autobahn+/+ Heimat Set course for base VVV Victor understood SAL Trübsal Have you enough fuel (followed by a number) for....minutes flying KKK Ich besuche Sie or Ich besuche Sie nicht mehr, bitte kommen you are being plotted or control finished, please confirm +/+ = amendment to previous list. 10. The signals "Schnecke" and "Express" are given by control when the aircraft in ahead of or behind schedule. When control sees that the aircraft will arrive too early, "Schnecke", followed by a number is signalled, meaning "at your present speed you will arrive...... minutes too soon over the target". "Express" is given for the opposite condition. 11. Before the pathfinder aircraft has been released by control the only communication from the aircraft to control is normally by manipulation of the FuGe 25A switch, although if specially requested the aircraft will resort to R/T or W/T. Control frames questions to the aircraft in such a way that they only require an acknowledgement and can therefore be answered by means of the FuGe 25A. 12. The FuGe 25A is switched to Kanal 1 to transmit the morse recognition signal and to Kanal 2 for the unkeyed tone signal. Kanal 1 is employed until the aircraft is within 50 km of the target, Kanal 2 being used whilst the aircraft is near and over the target and under control of Freya No.2. The latter Kanal enables the bearing of the aircraft to be read more accurately. 13. Each signal passed by control to the aircraft must be acknowledged on the FuGe 25A, either on Kanal 1 or 2. In practice, however, crews often forget to acknowledge signals and control therefore requests "Kanal Quittung" and awaits the appropriate reply. 14. When control of an aircraft is being withdrawn, control signals "Ich besuche Sie nicht mehr, bitte kommen" (I have finished with you, please confirm). Communication Frequencies 15. As an example of R/T and W/T frequencies employed on a pathfinder operation, P/W quoted those used on the night of 24/25th March 1944. These were 40.5 mc/s on FuGe 16 and 4848 kc/s on FuGe 10, besides the 583 kcs of the broadcasting station Calais I. New Egon Procedure 16. It was stated that certain crews of 5/K.G. 66 had been sent to Königsberg/Neumark for practice with the new Egon procedure. 17. whilst P/W had little to add to his original description of the Egon attachment which will be introduced into operations at some future date, he believed that the presentation apparatus of the ground-control equipment is divided up into sectors in a similar manner to the airborne apparatus. 18. He did not know details of the frequency, other than that it is V.H.F. and crystal controlled. OTHER NAVIGATIONAL AIDS Bernhardiner Gerät 19. The present P/W were able to add a few small details on this subject to those given in A.D I.(K) 108/1944 paragraphs 37 - 39. 20. In October 1943, 5/K.G. 66 had a Do. 217M equipped with the Bernhardiner Gerät, manufactured by Telefunken. Oberleutnant Grotz and a civilian technician named Menzel or Wenzel conducted some experiments but came to the conclusion that the apparatus was not sufficiently accurate for pathfinder work. It was thought to be accurate enough for the use of bomber units, however, and at that time it was proposed to pass the equipment over to K.G. 6. 21. P/W later overheard the Gruppenkommandeur saying that the project might have been abandoned as work on the ground installations had ceased. 22. One Bernhard (ground station) was known to P/W near Chartres; the apparatus was about 30 metres high and was mounted on a turntable some 40 metres in diameter. Each ground transmitter was to work on a different frequency so that dross bearings could be taken. 23. The aircraft equipment included a Hellschreiber (teleprinter) some 40 cm. square. A paper tape appeared in a window of about 30 cm. in length in the front panel, and every 30 to 60 seconds the true bearing of the aircraft and the time of the bearing appeared on the tape. This equipment, which was thought by P/W to work through the E.B.L.3., is remarkably reminiscent of the Drehelektra described by P/W of the old Gruppe 106 in May 1942 (A.D.I.(K) 104/1942 paragraphs 8 - 15) and later by other P/W of the same unit (A.D.I.(K) 244/1942 paragraphs 11 - 16). 24. The range of the Bernhard was said to have been about 400 km. under ideal conditions. Erika Gerät 25. Experiments in this navigational aid were conducted in K.G. 66 under the direction of a civilian technician by the name of Voss. The system was abandoned as being too open to enemy countermeasure, and the instruments were withdrawn from the unit. P/W knew no details of how the Erika Gerät functioned. Y-Gerät 26. P/W stated that 1/K.G. 66 used the 'Y' system as a navigational aid; he had seen the switch for the FuGe. 28A in one of the aircraft of that Staffel. "X" Clock 27. Early in 1943 P/W saw a number of "X" clocks, of both the larger and the new smaller types, in the technical section of the Staffel. He understood that these were to be employed in conjunction with Hohentwiel for attacking ships. He had heard nothing more of this, however, and recently the "X" clocks were no not to be seen. Jamming of Knickebein 28. One of the present P/W stated that it was possible for an experienced operator to read through British jamming of Knickebein; he said that the genuine dots and dashes were more pronounced than those produced by the countermeasures. 29. Another type of interference which P/W had experienced with Knickebein took the form of rising and falling wail. German Jamming of R/T 30. P/W could not enlarge on his previous account of the activities of 3/K.G.66, to which he was attached for six months at Cormeilles-en-Vexin, since during that period the Staffel was still only under training for investigation and countermeasure flights. He stated, however, that the aircraft were equipped with a fixed wire aerial about 1.20 metres in length fitted under the fuselage, and he believed that this aerial was used in conjunction with the Viktor R/T jamming set. A.D.I.(K) S. D. Felkin 25/Apr/44 Wing Commander"
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http://www.filephotoservice.co.uk/ RESEARCH AT THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES & OTHER UK INSTITUTIONS |
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Re: Using Ultra to research the Luftwaffe
Amazing.
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Re: Using Ultra to research the Luftwaffe
Agreed, would people like a dedicated "Researching the Luftwaffe through Prisoner Interrogations" thread?
Other thoughts: (1) Bruce has done me a great service, at least — my microfilm print-out of No. 160/1944 is almost impossible to read, now I finally know what it says! (2) If you're interested in the last flight of Z6+FH, on what was a busy night over Holland and Belgium, there's this http://www.ghostbombers.com/kf4/West/zeisig1.html and this http://www.ghostbombers.com/Olga/map23jan.html |
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Re: Using Ultra to research the Luftwaffe
[quote=Nick Beale;259922]Agreed, would people like a dedicated "Researching the Luftwaffe through Prisoner Interrogations" thread?
QUOTE] Hi Nick, Yes what a wonderful idea. bregds SES |
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Re: Using Ultra to research the Luftwaffe
Quote:
PS: Is your website down at the moment? I tried to read the info from the links you provided, but couldn't get on your site. Best regards, Marcel |
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Re: Using Ultra to research the Luftwaffe
Quote:
My website is still alive (I just checked) and both those links work for me. Another site with a selection of transcribed ADI(K) reports is: http://www.cdvandt.org/felkin_reports.htm. The emphasis there is on radar and communications systems. |
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NJ developments
"SECRET A. D. I. (K) Report No. 125/1945
THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION HAS BEEN OBTAINED FROM P/W AS THE STATEMENTS HAVE NOT AS YET BEEN VERIFIED, NO MENTION OF THEM SHOULD BE MADE IN INTELLIGENCE SUMMARIES OF COMMANDS OR LOWER FORMATIONS, NOR SHOULD THEY BE ACCEPTED UNTIL COMMENTED ON AIR MINISTRY INTELLIGENCE SUMMARIES OR SPECIAL COMMUNICATIONS. G.A.F.NIGHT FIGHTERS. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN GERMAN NIGHT FIGHTING. 1. Between the opening of the Rundstedt offensive on 17 December 1944 and the night of 1st January 1945, fifty-nine German night fighter aircrew captured on the Western Front were brought to England for interrogation by A.D.I.(K). Of these prisoners, ten were selected as being suitable for special interrogation with the object of investigating current German tactics, and the extent of their deviation from methods employed up to the end of November and reported in A.D.I.(K) 508, 599, 620 and 700/1944. 2. The present report is based on the interrogation of these ten prisoners, who came from III/N.J.G.1, II and III/N.J.G.2 and II, III and IV/N.J.G.3, and of whom one had recently spent some time at the G.A.F. radar experimental station at Werneuchen. In addition, there was one prisoner who had spent one year as a ground radar mechanic with I/N.J.G.4 and had then transferred to the Schulstaffel of the same unit to train as a radar operator. The Schulstaffel had been dissolved at the end of October 1944 and its personnel posted to the infantry; this P/W fell into Allied hands as an unwilling member of the Waffen SS. 3. From interrogation of previous night fighter prisoners - captured between September and the end of November 1944 - it has been amply proved that the German night fighter force has been at a loss to overcome the successful Bomber Command spoofery and radio countermeasures and as yet has made no progress in its efforts to overcome this disadvantage. 4. From the present interrogations there are signs that the Germans, not content to let the matter rest as it is, are striving to gain the upper hand over Bomber Command by the introduction of at least two new measures. One of these, discussed in the following paragraphs, is the employment of Bernhardine beacons for the dual purpose commentary and navigation, and the other - as yet in its early stages - the probable introduction of a new type of search equipment, the SN 3. Details of the latter are at present lacking, but evidence suggests that it may be of the nature of centimetre A.I. BERNHARDINE – FuGe.120. Earlier Vicissitudes. 5. As far as G.A.F. prisoners are concerned, Bernhardine is no innovation, as early as May 1942 hazy allusions to this form of navigational aid were made by prisoners, but the first mention of Bernhardine by name was made by an officer of 1(F)/121 captured in October 1943 (A.D.I.(K) 498/1943; thereafter nothing further was heard until K.G.66 opened its pathfinder operations over England early in 1944. 6. A prisoner from 5/K.G.66 captured in England on 25th March 1944 gave an account of Bernhardine which, in the light of the present interrogation proves to have been remarkably accurate (A.D.I.(K) 187/1944, paras.19 – 24) 7. In October 1943, 5/K.G.66 had had 1 Do.217-M equipped with Bernhardine, but after some experiments the experts had come to the conclusion that the apparatus was not sufficiently accurate for pathfinder operations; the P/W concerned had heard later that work on the ground installations had ceased. 8. In spite of continued interrogation of subsequent prisoners, nothing more was heard of Bernhardine until late in December 1944. The capture of a prisoner from III/N.J.G.1 on 17th December 1944 and other prisoners from II and III/N.J.G.3 later in the same month has now revealed that Bernhardine is being seriously considered - if not already used - not only as an aid to night fighter navigation but as a source of the commentaries. Introduction of Bernhardine to Night Fighting. 9. Some time in October 1944, crews of 8/N.J.G.1 were given a preliminary lecture on Bernhardine in which its principles were explained, they were told that it was no new discovery but would shortly be introduced to night fighting. In III/N.J.G.3 crews had also been given frequent lectures and by November some of the aircraft of that Gruppe already had the necessary apparatus installed. 10. According to prisoners who attended these lectures, the transmissions from the ground station take the form of a conventional twin lobe polar diagram with an equisignal area and with a very small amount of rearward radiation. A signal transmitted from the ground station once every minute is translated by the airborne apparatus into a teleprint message on a paper tape giving the QTE (true bearing) of the aircraft from the ground transmitter followed by a further image in figures and letters which is a Divisional commentary of the type at present broadcast by the high powered W/T beacons. 11. It was explained that the Bernhardine transmitters would operate on 32 frequencies between 30.0 and 33.1 mc/s, and that the signal would be received through the normal E.Bl.3 in the aircraft. Thus the first 32 of the 34 spot frequencies of the E.Bl.3 would be used for Bernhardine whilst the remaining two, 33.2 and 33.3 mc/s, would be retained for blind landing purposes. 12. It is claimed by P/W that Bernhardine signals are unjammable and that transmissions have a range of 400 - 500 kilometres. 13. A captured night fighter map, recovered from a recent crash in Belgium and issued by the signals officer of N.J.G.3, was marked with Bernhardine transmitters at approximately the following pinpoints;- N° 0(?) Berlin 52°13'N;13°6'E N° 8 Alkmaar, Holland. 52°42'N;4°38'E N° 9(?) Leck 54°41'N;9° 2'E N° 10 Thisted, Denmark. 56°42'N;8°33’E N° 11 Breslau 51°25'N;17°5’E N° 12 Pilsen 49°45'N;13°15’E 14. A further indication that Bernhardine may already be in operational use was found in a file of signals orders from an aircraft of II/N.J.G.1 shot down on December 31st. On the same page as the usual numbering of the Y-line frequencies was another column headed "Kanäle" (= channels); the channels were numbered from 1 to 32 and to each number was appended a frequency, commencing with 30.0 at No.1 and rising by .1 mc. to 33.1 mc/s at No.32. 15. Both of the above documents have been forwarded to A.I.4(b). Airborne Apparatus. 16. The Bernhardine apparatus in the aircraft is contained in a box measuring some 60 cm in width, 30 cm in height and 20 cm in depth, placed in the JU.88 in some cases to the right of the W/T operator on the lower port wall of the fuselage and in others to the left of the W/T operator or in the forward instrument panel. 17. The front of the box has a wide glass-covered slot about 40 cm. in length and 12 cm. in depth along which the paper tape travels from right to left after the necessary data have been printed upon it by a teleprinter contained in the box. The on-off switch for the apparatus, marked FuGe.120, is placed on the R/T operator's switch panel, and is used in conjunction with the click-stop frequency selector for the E.Bl.3. 18. From evidence supplied by the present P/W it is possible to give a description of the Bernhardine display and of the exact data which it supplies. An impression of the Bernhardine display is given below; it will be seen that the printed tape is divided into three horizontal sections, on the uppermost of which appears a series of close vertical lines shortening at intervals to a "V", on the central section a reading in degrees, and on the lower a coded image which is the commentary. One simultaneous printing of these sections takes place during ten seconds of every minute, the tape remaining stationary for the remaining fifty seconds, after which the process is repeated. 19. In the lectures on Bernhardine it was stated that the ground transmitter makes one full revolution of 360° in sixty seconds; a section of the pattern of the ground transmission is repeated on the tape in the form of the series of vertical lines, the equisignal zone being represented by the apex of the "V". 20. In each printing lasting ten seconds a sector of 60° appears on the tape and in every case it contains a repetition of the equisignal zone. The reading in degrees appears in the central section of the tape in numbers representing 10's of degrees, and the point opposite to which the apex of the "V" is printed represents the bearing in degrees of the aircraft from the transmitter. Accuracy of bearings was stated to be within 0.5°. 21. A recognition letter is allotted to each transmitter and is repeated on the tape at every 20° on the scale; in the sketch the letter X - the recognition for the Leck transmitter is shown. 22. The commentary in the lowest section appears in each 10- second printing as a group of a maximum of ten letters and numerals, inclusive of two crosses denoting the beginning and end of a message. Should a message be of more than ten characters it wi11 be continued in the succeeding printing, a cross appearing at the end of the message. 23. Thus, the commentary message shown in the sketch, + 40 KA 27 100, just falls within the ten-character limit if the final + denoting the end of the message is omitted. The latter is therefore carried forward and appears at the commencement of the next printing; it denotes simultaneously the end of the one message and the beginning of the next. It was stated that a single message could be continued over three or four printings. 24. The commentary always appears in a standard order; analysis of the typical message shown in the sketch is as follows:- 25. It will be noted that the form of this commentary is exactly the same as that at present put out by the Divisions on the high powered W/T beacons (see A.D.I.(K) 599/1944 para. 57). 26. The present P/W had been told that, in addition to the Divisional commentary, instructions to individual formations of night fighters would be transmitted by the Bernhardine and printed on the lowest section of the tape. How, in such a case, the aircraft would be tracked or how the orders by the subordinate units would be coded, they did not know. Operational Use. 27. The aircraft set is switched on soon after take-off, so that the bearing transmitter can be constantly watched. If the + = beginning of message 40 = height of head of bomber stream in 100’s of metres KA = fighter-grid position of head of stream 27 = course of formation in tens of degrees 100 = estimated number of aircraft W/T operator wants the fix, he switches over to the transmission of a second Bernhardine station for a gross bearing; it was stated, however, that quicker and more favoured method was to obtain a simultaneous cross bearing from a high powered beacon through the PeilGe 6. 28. As far as these prisoners knew, only the Bernhardine stations at Berlin and Leck are so far capable of transmitting a commentary and flying instructions; the latter station was only modified in this way at the beginning of November 1944 and aircraft of 9/N.J.G.3 made several test flights, usually taking off from Uetersen at about 0230 hours and remaining airborne for some four hours. 29. The present P/W of 9/N.J.G.3 had not taken part in these flights, but after the tests he had seen the tape, which he described as being printed on white paper in red letter, 4 - 6 mm. high as clearly as with a typewriter. He was told that there was sufficient tape to allow of continuous operation for 4 hours 20 minutes. SIGNALS TRAFFIC. German Spoof Signals. 30. An aircraft of 7/N.J.G.3 shot down in Belgium on January 1st carried a signal order on which appeared the word "Orgelpfeife" (= organ pipe). Interrogation of all the present P/W elicited the fact that Orgelpfeife is the codeword for spoof R/T and W/T traffic passed between small numbers of aircraft and the ground with the object of simulating large numbers of night fighters in operation. 31. According to a P/W of 9/N.J.G.2 Orgelpfeife was introduced in that unit, in mid-November; one crew in the Staffel had received special briefing and usually operated the spoof traffic. In operating R/T spoof, this crew’s duty was to imitate a large number of night fighters operating by the simple expedient of all four members of the crew taking turns to speak, each using different callsigns. 32. It was said that the pilot of the crew in question, Oberfeldwebel GELLNER was something of an actor and was able to imitate various German dialects and different voices; P/W claimed that the single Aircraft could simulate as many as twelve night fighters. 33. The Orgelpfeife aircraft operated under Y control, since such importance was attached to its position in relation to the raiding force; the spoof aircraft patrolled an area near the estimated target and as the raiding force was approaching the target, the simulation of night fighters operating commenced. 34. According to P/W the spoof aircraft carried large quantities of Düppel (Window). 35. It seems that only one aircraft in a Staffel operates Orgelpfeife; this was certainly the case in III/N.J.G.2, and another P/W of III/N.J.G.3 stated that similar conditions prevailed in that Gruppe. 36. None of the present P/W could give any useful information on the method of coding the Orgelpfeife traffic, but it was stated that the briefing usually gave two codewords or groups, according to whether the spoof was R/T or W/T, and the crew was to ignore all orders from the ground except those preceded by the operative Orgelpfeife codewords or group. 37. In the captured briefing sheet mentioned above, the codewords for 7/N.J.G.3 on the night of December 31st were "Elfenbein" for the aircraft and "Hallore" for the ground. 38. A P/W of 9/N.J.G.3 stated that early in December R/T silence had been enforced amongst the normally operating night fighters of that Staffel. Defence of the Ruhr by N.J.G.1. 39. The four Gruppen of N.J.G.1 have been allotted the special task of defending the Ruhr in night attacks by R.A.F. Bomber Command, and to achieve this aim all the Gruppen are based strategically at airfields in that area. 40. In operations over the Ruhr the Gruppen are not controlled separately as would normally be the case, but operate under the central control of a special Geschwader commentary put out on a M/F and an alternative V.H.F. frequency; the latter, however, is almost invariably jammed. 41. This commentary consists of tactical instructions to the aircraft as well as reports on the general situation; according to P/W, the latter are not based on a Divisional picture of events, but on data supplied by the Ruhr Flak defences. 42. When a Mosquito force is reported over the Ruhr area, and providing that flying conditions are suitable, all aircraft of N.J.G.1 are put up and ordered to orbit any of the beacons Börse, Bruno, Achmed, Gemse, Heide, Schnake, Paule, Ratte and Drossel to await further events. 43. In case of jamming of both channels of Geschwader control, two of these beacons, Achmed and Paule, are set aside for transmission of the Geschwader commentary. P/W also heard that a further alternative H.F commentary is to be put out on a 20 kW transmitter whose signals will be superimposed on a Cologne broadcast programme. 44. The aircraft of N.J.G.1 usually orbit the beacons for about an hour, and if by then no attack by four-engined bombers has materialised they are recalled; upon returning to base, the aircraft are immediately refuelled so that should a further attack be made a fresh sortie can be initiated immediately. 45. In the middle of December some 50% of the aircraft in N.J.G.1 were equipped with two white LC.50 flares carried externally under the outer rings, and in the event of a major bombing attack on a Ruhr objective these aircraft were to make for the target and lay the flares at the operative height of the bombers, so that the remainder of the night fighters could quickly close in the area for visual attack. 46. The flare-carrying aircraft were to be given an X-time for arrival over the target to coincide with the arrival of the bomber stream; at this time the Flak would have orders to cease fire, the flares would be laid and the night fighters would go in to attack. 47. Importance was attached to the flare-carrying aircraft arriving exactly at X-time, since a previous arrival would put them and the remainder of the night fighters in danger of being shot down by the Flak, and a late arrival would jeopardise the operation. 48. In such a case where the aircraft of N.J.G.1 had been put up against a spoof attack of Mosquitos and a four-engined attack developed against targets outside the Ruhr, the Geschwader commentary would transmit the codeword "Diogenes", at which the aircraft would revert to their respective Gruppe commentaries and would operate against the new attack in the normal manner. 49. Crews of the flare-carrying aircraft were instructed that in defending targets outside the Ruhr they could use their flares, but only if they were certain of the true target. Jamming of Commentaries. 50. Prisoners of II and III/N.J.G.3 stated that the Gruppe commentaries were not seriously jammed in the Hamburg area; although R/T could occasionally be heard, however, crews relied mostly on the morse commentaries. 51. They stated that intensity of jamming varied considerably from night to night. They could not understand the reason for this since they had been officially told that the jamming had been D/F’d and traced to the London area. Verbandsführer (Formation Leader). 52. From the present P/W there are again conflicting reports on the success or failure of the system of flying in formation with a leader aircraft (A.D.I.(K) 700/1944, paras.34 – 49). 53. Whilst one P/W of N.J.G.3 stated that the system had been working well in that Gruppe up to mid-December and that leader aircraft operated under Y control, another prisoner, of 8/N.J.G.1, stated that in his unit the system had proved unworkable and had been dropped in October. He gave as one reason the dislike by the more experienced crews who flew as formation leaders of acting as flying beacons, with the attendant danger of being homed on by Mosquitoes. I.F.F. 54. Much has already been said about the FuGe.25a in recent A.D.I.(K) reports but nevertheless interrogation has continued as to the conditions under which the apparatus is or is not switched on during operations. One P/W of 8/N.J.G.1, based at Düsseldorf, stated that if no intruders were reported at the time the night fighters were ordered up for an operation, he would switch on the FuGe.25a at take-off and keep it operating until well clear of the airfield. 55. During operations he would have the instrument turned off, but on returning to base would again switch it on shortly before reaching the airfield - provided no warning of intruders was in force. 56. A P/W of 9/N.J.G.3 knew of the British air-to-air I.F.F. and knew that R.A.F. A.I. included a button which, upon being pressed, identified the friendly aircraft on the A.I. picture. 57. Crews in this Staffel were told that a German air-to-air I.F.F. was shortly coming into operation, but no further details were given. 58. A prisoner of 11/N.J.G.3 remembered having seen a note in a G.A.F. intelligence summary stating that the R.A.F. was using infra red air-to-air recognition. Hermine Beacons. 59. One of the present P/W had first heard of Hermine V.H.F. beacons in March 1944, and at the time had learned that these were radio beacons of new type from which pilots of singleengined aircraft could obtain bearings. 60. He stated that the beacon, which has an effective range of 200 – 300 kilometres, rotates through 360° in about three minutes. The beacon transmits a continuous tone over about 359° with a silence zone of 1° which sweeps through 360° as the beacon rotates; additionally a "speaking clock" counts continuously from 1 to 360 and the continuous tone is superimposed over this speech. 61. The pilot in the aircraft hears the continuous tone and the counting on the FuGe.16Z, but hears the bearing spoken clearly when in a line with the silence zone; he thus hears his bearing to the beacon. 62. It will be remembered that prisoners of the Wilde Sau single-engined night fighter unit I/J.G.301, captured in July 1944, had made mention of these radio beacons, albeit not by name. The Kommodore of a single-engined day fighter Geschwader had suggested that "Hermine" is derived from Oberst HERMANN, founder of Wilde Sau night fighting. INTERCEPTION EQUIPMENT. Spot frequencies of SN.2. 63. The word "Streuwelle" in conjunction with SN 2 has been mentioned for the first time by the present batch of prisoners. Although none was able to define the word Streuwelle or its origins, one suggested an alternative word "Frequenz"; A.D.I.(Sc.) has supplied an agreed translation of "Streuwelle" in the term "Spot frequency". 64. It has already been reported that in I/N.J.G.2 an attempt had been made to reduce the effects of electrical jamming by mounting the SN 2 aerial arrays diagonally instead of vertically. These prisoners confirmed that this had also been the case in other units, but the present interrogations have established that this arrangement of aerials has no connection with the spot frequency of the SN 2. In many cases prisoners have known the differing aerial arrangements to exist in several aircraft all equipped with SN 2's of the same spot frequency. 65. These prisoners knew of three Streuwellen at present in operational use, namely 4, 5 and 6; in two units, 8/N.J.G.1 and IV/N.J.G.3 some of the aircraft carried No.6, and other prisoners stated that aircraft of their units were equipped with 4 or 5 or a mixture of both. In 5/N.J.G.3, for example, Streuwelle 5 had superseded 4, whilst 8/N.J.G.1 was equipped with a mixture of 4 and 6, the latter having been delivered in October. 66. It is worth noting that aircraft equipped with Streuwellen 5 or 6 are forbidden to fly over enemy territory unless the boxes have previously been removed; no such security measures, however, exist with Streuwelle 4. 67. One prisoner had heard that a JU.88 equipped with SN 2 and Flensburg had landed at an airfield in East Anglia last summer and that the British were therefore in possession of an SN 2. He naturally assumed that the latter apparatus was of Streuwelle 4. Upon being asked how it was known that a German night fighter had landed in England he replied that the information had been given by British prisoners in Germany. 68. Not one of the present P/W could supply the respective frequencies of Streuwellen 4, 5 and 6, but the radar servicing mechanic P/W, who had been with N.J.G.4 up to the end of October, was able to give a few details of 4 and 5; up the time when he left the unit he had not encountered No.6. 69. He was certain that the frequency of 5 was slightly higher than that of 4; No.5 has one more induction coil and has a range exceeding No.4 by 5 kilometres, being provided with an extra switch giving two range pictures, one at 5 km. and one at 10 km. 70. He and other prisoners stated that no matter which Streuwelle, 4, 5 or 6, is installed in an aircraft, the aerial array remains unchanged and in all cases the same CRT's and the same electrical length of connecting cables are employed. 71. The ground radar mechanic stated that outwardly there is little difference between the three Streuwellen, and to avoid confusion by the ground staff all boxes have the appropriate number painted on the back; the boxes of different Streuwellen are not interchangeable. 72. An example of the effects of jamming on the differing Streuwellen was given by one of the present prisoners. In May 1944 all aircraft of his unit were equipped with Streuwelle 4 with provision for the alternative frequency. In July 1944, however, Window jamming made the set useless. 73. In October 1944 Streuwelle 5 and then 6 were delivered, both with the alternative frequency; these, however, were seriously jammed by the so-called Rauschsender (electrical jammer). It was found, however, that the remaining SN 2's of Streuwelle 4 were not so seriously upset by electrical jamming, and the result was that many crews asked for No.4 back again and their wish was granted. 74. According to the radar mechanic, the C.R.T's used in the SN 2 are manufactured by both Lorenz and Siemens Nürnberg; the latter are the more satisfactory in service. 75. One P/W had spent six months up to May 1944 installing SN 2's in Me.110’s at Werl; he stated that installation work for Ju.88’s was carried out at Gütersloh. Serviceability of SN 2. 76. Considerable trouble in the servicing of the SN 2 was experienced in misty or wet weather; the chief source of trouble was rain water percolating into the pulse distributor at the base of the antennae and was the cause of squints and the blowing of valves. 77. In units recently examined, night flying tests are no longer made; in the experience of one P/W of II/N.J.G.1 some 30% of the SN 2's were found to be u/s if the unit had been stood down for more than three or four days. 78. Should radar equipment be found to be u/s after an aircraft has taken off on an operation, the order is that the sortie must be completed. This is a state of affairs which rattles the crews, particularly if the SN 2 is not working and they are robbed of backward cover. SN 3. 79. As compared with prisoners captured up to the end of November 1944, the present P/W gave the impression that developments in the SN 3 have reached a further stage. 80. No prisoner has yet been encountered who has seen an SN 3, but several had heard some scraps of information. It was stated that the aerial array for this set is carried inside the aircraft, and that Major SCHMAUFER, Kommodore of N.J.G.4, is already flying an aircraft with this new search equipment. 81. There is no doubt that the Germans are in possession of details of British centimetre A.I. and it has recently been freely discussed by G.A.F. aircrew under the name "Grille" (= grid). TAIL WARNING. SN 2 Tail Warning. 82. The present P/W were able to add considerably to information obtained on night fighter tail warning equipment and set out in A.D.I.(K) 700, paras.13-16. The present interrogations, leave no doubt that the tail warners now extensively fitted to German night fighter aircraft are a part of the SN 2 equipment and that the picture appears on the SN 2 azimuth tube. 83. No height or bearing, but only a range reading can be obtained from the backward aerial; forward and backward displays do not appear simultaneously on the SN 2 tube, but the set is provided with a switch which can select one or the other. The method employed by the radar operator is therefore to search for contacts with the forward aerials whilst occasionally switching over to rearward aerial to see if an enemy night fighter is following. 84. A tail warning tactic recommended to crews of III/N.J.G.1 is one of not taking immediate action when a rearward contact is picked up, but of waiting until the range begins to close in. When this occurs, the pilot increases speed and if the blip closes in to 600 metres the pilot then takes evasive action. 85. In the above-mentioned unit evasive action has been ordered to take the form of a 180° hard turn to port or starboard. If the pursuing aircraft has been seen by the crew, the turn will be made according to its position; when the pursuer is to port, the pilot of the night fighter will turn in to port, or vice versa. 86. Previously, the tactics of the night fighter in those circumstances was to peel off towards the pursuing aircraft, but this resulted in losing 1500 to 2000 metres in height which took about ten minutes to regain. 87. The newer tactic described above was ordered in III/N.J.G.1 late in November to obviate this loss of height and time and in that unit at least, the tactic of peeling off is now forbidden except in extreme urgency. 88. A number of P/W knew the SN 2 tail warning as the D (or Dora) Zusatzgerät (= the Dora attachment). Fu.Bl.2 as Warning Device. 89. Yet another piece of German Airborne radio equipment, the Fu.Bl.2 has been added to the list of sets that are capable of giving a warning of approach of an aircraft. 90. Three P/W had heard that if the Fu.Bl.2 is switched on, the red marker beacon warning lamp lights up when a radarequipped aircraft is in the immediate vicinity. Naxos as Tail Warning. 91. Crews of 8/N.J.G.2 had recently been told officially that Naxos is capable of acting as a warning of the presence of enemy A.I.–equipped aircraft. No such information had been given to any of the other units examined during the present interrogations, and none of the other prisoners knew that Naxos had such capabilities. 92. It was pointed out by the one P/W concerned that Naxos can do no more than give warning of A.I. radiation on a given bearing, and range of the source of the radiation cannot be measured; a bearing reading would, however, at least indicate the probability of an enemy night fighter in pursuit. HOMING EQUIPMENT. The Naxos as an A.I. Instrument. 93. Since the first mention of Naxos by a prisoner in July 1944 (A.D.I.(K) 407/1944) and in the subsequent fuller account of other aspects of Naxos and its tactical use (A.D.I.(K) 508 and 620/1944) it has frequently been reported how some night fighter pilots have claimed to have used Naxos as an A.I. instrument. There have been frequent claims usually by lecturers at Werneuchen, that night fighter crews have shot down four-engined bombers with their upward armament without having used SN 2 at any time during the pursuit, but no prisoner has been encountered with first-hand knowledge of this fact. 94. Amongst the present P/W was a crew of 4/N.J.G.2 who had six victories, each with the help of Naxos to a greater or lesser extent. On five occasions they had located the bomber stream with Naxos and had made the final approach with SN 2. On the sixth occasion, however, they had shot down a fourengined bomber with upward armament after an approach with the sole use of Naxos. 95. In an attack on Berlin in March or April 1944, this crew took off from Twente and flew towards the Baltic coast. At about 54° 30' N; 11° 30' E some eight H2S contacts were obtained from a height of 4,500 metres; one of these was selected by manipulation of the Naxos brilliancy knob and followed to about 13° E and then southward over Berlin. 96. The contact was held and followed from Berlin towards Leipzig whilst the night fighter gradually approached its target by making contact with the edge of the H2S cone, throttling back to avoid penetrating too far and being detected, then climbing and again making contact with the cone in horizontal flight; a visual of the R.A.F. bomber was obtained near Frankfurt-am-Main when the night fighter was at a height of 7,800 metres. 97. The pilot closed in to make the attack but missed the bomber; after a second unsuccessful attempt, the rear gunner of the bomber fired a burst but missed. On the third attempt by the night fighter the bomber was hit and was claimed as a victory by this crew. 98. Early in October H2S contacts in the Naxos began to be fewer, and such contacts as were made invariably disappeared abruptly. The pilot who, incidentally, had a very high opinion of his own capabilities, put this down to his radar operator and blamed him for inefficiency; the result was that the crew was continually quarrelling and was engaged in heated argument when shot down. The Naxos Aerial. 99. The radar mechanic had been with I/N.J.G.4 had attended a Naxos course at Werneuchen in May 1944 and subsequently had had some experience in servicing the apparatus. The interrogation of this P/W on the subject of Naxos was carried out with the co-operation A.I.2(g), with the result that he was able to add some useful details to the substance of A.I.2(g) Report No.1734. 100. In August 1944, Naxos began to be delivered to 1/N.J.G.4. The Naxos-equipped Ju.88’s first delivered to the unit had the aerials installed on the after part of the fuselage, but in later deliveries, the plexiglass dome containing the aerials was fitted to the jettisonable hood of the cabin – a position known as "Ausführung A". It was feared, however, that the hood would be difficult to jettison and in some aircraft the original position of the aerials was again adopted. 101. When this P/W left I/N.J.G.4 in October 1944 the display unit in use was the Naxos-Post, but he did not know which type of aerial array was associated with this display, and he knew of no further designation of any part of the equipment. 102. When Naxos was first introduced to the unit, the aerials consisted of two plastic rods, of a material known as Trollitul, of square cross-section with rounded ends and measuring some 40 cm. in length and 5/6 cm in thickness. This type of rod was, however later superseded by one of circular cross-section with a diameter of 3-4 cm. and of the same length. 103. These aerials were fixed parallel to one another and about 3 - 4 cm, apart, being held in position at their central points by a bakelite clamp made in two halves. Rotation of the aerials was in a clockwise direction about an axis which was vertical when the aircraft was in flying position, the aerials cleared the aircraft skin by about 5 cm. Speed of rotation was estimated by P/W at about 3000 r.p.m. 104. The aerials were mounted on a vertical axle running in a ball Bearing flush with the aircraft skin and driven directly from an electric motor which P/W recognised as being similar to that illustrated in A.I.2(g)1734. 105. A copper lead came away from each plastic aerial rod and joined the axle on which the aerial rotated; between the ball bearing and the electric motor, a right-angle plug led the signals received by aerial out of the axle and through a length of single 1 mm. copper high tension wire to the Abgleichkasten (cable matching box). P/W had also heard the term "Hochpass Einrichtung" in connection with this box. 106. The cable matching box was shaped in cross-section like a half ellipse and measured about 25 x 8 x 8 cm. The screws securing the lids were sealed, and if any fault developed, the box had to be sent away to the Gruppe repair and servicing depot; the Staffel servicing staff were forbidden to break the seals. 107. This P/W had seen a box open at the Gruppe at the servicing depot and remembered that it contained a special type of coil and detector of a type similar to that shown in the A.I.2(g) Report. He was under the impression that there were six such detectors. Daily Inspection of Naxos. 108. The daily inspection of Naxos consisted of running up the aerial array on ground batteries and using an ordinary buzzer working from a torch battery as the transmitter. The oblong box containing the buzzer had to be held so that one of its ends, called the Strahlenseite (radiating end) pointed towards the aerial and was in their plane of rotation. A lightening of the appropriate part of the Naxos trace showed that Naxos was in order. AIRBORNE PLOTTING TABLE. 109. In the autumn of 1942 one at the present P/W had taken part in some flying trials of a television device which was being tried out at Werneuchen. For the purpose of the trials a television receiver which was to repeat an 18 cm. square picture of the Seeburg Tisch of a night fighter box, was installed in a He.111. 110. In the trials reception was remarkably good and a clear definition was obtained, the two spots of light representing the friendly and enemy aircraft could be seen, but the only means of distinguishing between the two was by the insertion of a cardboard arrow on the Seeburg Tisch. In a similar way cards bearing written vector instructions were placed on the plotting table in view of the camera. 111. At that time the Germans were experiencing no difficulties with box-control of night fighters and since continual troubles were experienced with the television transmitter the trials were discontinued toward the end of 1942. GERMAN H2S - THE BERLIN GERÄT. 112. The same prisoner had heard of a German version of the H2S called "Berlin" which he understood, was an improvement on the British apparatus. GERMAN KNOWLEDGE OF 100 GROUP R.A.F. Activities. 113. In lectures on night fighting given to 8/N.J.G.1, 7/N.J.G.2 and 9/N.J.G.3 in October and November 1944, crews had been given some details of the activities by 100 Group R.A.F. which gave them the impression that the German Higher Command has the greatest respect for the efficiency of those responsible for planning that unit's activities. Some details of these lecturers which prisoners from the above units could remember show that the Germans are now accumulating considerable knowledge of the equipment and tactics of 100 Group. 114. At recent briefings to 8/N.J.G.1 great importance had been attached to the part played by 100 Group, and the many occasions when warning of an impending attack had been given and the aircraft had been airborne only to find the advertised raid melt away, were now ascribed to the wizardry of that same unit. 115. It was stated that the Group is equipped with Mosquitoes and Lancasters - amongst whose crews were some expert bombers - and that both these aircraft types carry the jamming equipment which together with ground jammers upset the commentaries and the SN 2. Long range intruders were also ascribed to the same unit. 116. In a lecture on 100 Group given to 7/N.J.G.2 early in November 1944, crews were told of so-called 'D' aircraft which has the duty of putting out spoof R/T and W/T instructions to German night fighters; one instance was related in which a whole night fighter Gruppe had returned to base as a result of spoof orders by one of these D aircraft. The W/T operators at the 1ecture were advised that if they paid sharp attention to their R/T and W/T signals they would be able to distinguish between the false and genuine instructions. 117. It is now widely known by G.A.F. night fighter aircrew that Mosquitos are equipped with a search equipment, the Grille (= grid), that has a range of 15 kilometres (about 10 miles) and is said to work on a frequency of 3 cm. An interesting extra piece of information given in these lectures was that Grille was capable of homing on SN 2 transmissions, a point that was noted by crews with some consternation. A.D.I.(K) and S.D. Felkin U.S. Air Interrogation. Wing Commander 27th January 1945"
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Re: Using Ultra to research the Luftwaffe
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Nick, I look forward to following whatever course you decide on. For the record, within these P/W reports are references to 'captured documents': I hope everyone recognizes that this meant ULTRA or another sensitive source that could not be named at the time, hence my choice of the 'Using ULTRA...' thread for posting. Bruce
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Kg40 in item 37
"SECRET A. D. I. (K) Report No. 357/1945.
THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION HAS BEEN OBTAINED FROM P/W. AS THE STATEMENTS MADE HAVE NOT AS YET BEEN VERIFIED, NO MENTION OF THEM. SHOULD BE MADE IN INTELLIGENCE SUMMARIES OF COMMANDS OR LOWER FORMATIONS, NOR SHOULD THEY BE ACCEPTED AS FACTS UNTIL COMMENTED ON IN AIR MINISTRY INTELLIGENCE SUMMARIES OR SPECIAL COMMUNICATIONS. RADIO AND RADAR EQUIPMENT IN THE LUFTWAFFE - II Navigational Aids. 1. This report is the second of the series dealing with radio and radar equipment in the Luftwaffe. 2. As in the case of the first of the series (A.D.I.(K) 343/1945) dealing with Blind Landing and Airborne Communications Equipment, it is based on interrogation of General Nachrichtenführer MARTINI, Director General of G.A.F. Signals, and a few important members of his staff, and has been supported by a file of current papers which were in the possession of the General’s Chief of Staff. 3. An index of the numerical designations of the navigational equipment mentioned in this report appears in Appendix I. 4. For convenient reference, a translation of the document entitled "Funkausrüstung der Flugzeugmuster, Notprogramm" (signal Equipment in the G.A.F. - Emergency Program) - item 45/99 ff in A.D.I.(K) Documents List 45/9 - which has also appeared as an Appendix to A.D.I.(K) 343/1945, is reproduced as Appendix II to the present report but the list of equipment contained in that document has been omitted as Appendix I gives a fuller list. TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT. 5. Throughout the course of the war, the general standard of German navigational training was undoubtedly inferior to that of the Allies. A simple form of navigation was taught but navigators track plotted only and relied on W/T aids and in particular positioning by means of loop fixes as the main basis for their navigation. 6. During the early part of the war extensive use was made of Knickebein and other beam systems, but later this form of navigational aid gave way to the "Y" control system (better known by the Allied codeword Benito) and "Egon". 7. Sonne was universally accepted as an outstanding success and from the time of its inception in 1942 research was continuously directed towards overcoming its imperfection, in particular the range limitation. Komet was a typical example, of attempted improvement on these lines 8. The Germans were patently backward in the field of pulse systems and the majority - if not all - of their navigational aids of this type were copied from Allied methods. 9. The fear of the Allied countermeasures was much to the fore during the last two years and considerable research and efforts was devoted to offsetting such interference and to perfecting systems which would reduce and if possible preclude the danger of jamming. Another factor always present in the minds of those responsible for tactical navigational requirements was that the apparatus must be as light and small as possible because of the limited space available in German aircraft. 10. During the last stages of the war, and as a natural consequence of German air policy, being forced to concentrate on the defensive, thereby involving almost exclusive use of fighter power, a great deal of attention was devoted to the development of simple navigational aids suitable for single-engine aircraft of which Rübezahl was a typical example. D/F LOOP EQUIPMENT. PeGe (Peil Gerät) 6. 11. PeGe 6 was the successor of PeGe 5, the standard loop D/F, set in use at the beginning of the war, and. operated on 150 - 1200 kc/s (2000-250 meters). It provided automatic D/F facilities, the W/T operator merely having to tune to the signal and the "answer" being produced on a course indicator. 12. In the opinion of P/W, who was responsible for operational requirements in the navigational field and who had had fairly extensive navigational experience with K.G.40, PeGe 6 was less reliable than the manually-operated PeGe 5 as the automatic D/F facilities could not distinguish between the true signal and jamming and were apt to record bearing midway between the two if they were near together. The human ear was much more acute and could distinguish the minimum of the real signal from that of the "phoney” one. It had the further disadvantage that it was a heavier piece of equipment than the manually operated set. FuGe 141 13. The FuGe 141 operating on a frequency band of 58.0 - 59.2 mc/s was a receiver with a D/F loop fitted to Air Rescue aircraft used for homing on to the NS 4 emergency radio set carried on the chest by pilots. 14. The NS 4 had a flexible steel tape aerial and batteries which gave it an endurance of 2 to 2,5 hours. FuGe 142. 15. The FuGe 142 using the 2000 - 250 metre band was a small D/F battery set for use in emergency in the event of failure of the aircraft' s electricity supply. 16. The FuGe 142 had a manually-operated loop and its accuracy was only 10° to 15°. 17. When the P/W who, in October 1944, took over the navigational tactical requirements first made its acquaintance, he discovered that the designer of the emergency set, while having the laudable object of assisting a crew in dire emergency when they where probably well and truly lost, had omitted to include any sensing arrangement. The set was, therefore, quickly scrapped as being as much of a danger as an aid. FuGe 145 18. The FuGe 145 was a simple type of D/F set in development for use in single-seater aircraft. It was for use with M/F beacons and was designed for use by coastal reconnaissance aircraft, as for example the Do.335, so that they could obtain a bearing when flying at low level. 19. It was much lighter than the PeGe 6 and had no automatic facilities, but was very easy to operate. P/W had thought that it might ultimately supersede the PeGe 6 for other types of aircraft. Suggested loop for fighter aircraft 20. The research centre at Rechlin had been asked to examine a rough type of loop for singleseater fighter aircraft, which would consist of a loop built into the pilot' s helmet. It was thought that this would enable the pilot to establish the general direction of a beacon by movements of his head and without recourse to the use of a compass. 21. This idea was tried out and seemed promising, but was never fully developed. HOMING BEACONS. Schwanboje. 22. The Schwanboje was a waterborne V.H.F. beacon dropped by parachute and originally used by K.G.40 for marking convoys or submarines. In the autumn of 1944 a 1ine of Schwan buoys was used to aid the He.111's when launching V-1’s from the North Sea against this country. 23. The beacon consisted of a frame aerial and transmitted on a wavelength which could be homed on by the FuGe 17, the standard equipment of K.G.40 in 1942 when the Schwanboje came into use. 24. The set was powered by accumulators and had a live of five hours; by the means of a clockwork device it could be pre-set before release so that it ran for a testing period immediately on release and later started up again after a prescribed interval governed by the expected time of arrival of the homing aircraft. The buoy was fitted with a self-destroying charge operated automatically. 25. A later type of Schwanboje operated on the 38 - 42 mc/s waveband so that aircraft equipped with the FuGe 162 could also use the system. Biene 26. Biene is the code word for a responder beacon. The idea of responder beacons for homing purposes had only been hit on in 1944 and Bienen to respond to the different airborne radar sets were still under development in 1945. The FuGe 243 - Hohentwiel Biene – had been used by coastal units in Norway, in February or March 1945. 27. Responder beacons were also being developed for use in the Baldur method of navigation (see paragraphs 79, 82 of this report). BEAM SYSTEMS. Zyklop. 28. This was the latest form of the well-known Knickebein working on 30 - 33,3 mc/s and received by E.B.L.3 in the aircraft. It was a mobile station which could be fully erected into operation within a week. 29. A still more mobile unit known as the Bock-Zyklop had been introduced. This could be set up in three days and could be adapted for use on the FuGe 16 frequency although as yet, according to documents, no visual indicator for the FuGe 16 had been developed. 30. The 120 W ground transmitter was called the ???? which gave a beam 0.5° wide and a range of 300 km. at a height of 5,000 meters. The Zyklop systems had been made use of on the Russian front up to the end of the hostilities. Sonne. 31. The Sonne beacon system which worked on a frequency of 270 - 480 kc/s was received in the aircraft on the FuGe 10. It was considered an extremely effective daylight system but the range limitation was a disadvantage. Fixes could be obtained from ranges up to 1,000 - 1,200 km. Sonne 6 at Quimper which was the most efficient of the Sonne beacons, had been used on an occasion at a distance of 1,400 km. 32. The sectors served by Sonne covered, an angle of 120 – 150°. The beacon was very reliable over the centre sector of 100°, but the error increased progressively towards the edges of the beam in conformity with the sine law. 33. At night errors up to 4° were liable to occur even in the centre of the sector of the beacon and no real use could be made of it. Mond. 34. To improve the Sonne beacons both in range, and accuracy, an experimental system working on the same principle, but on 3000/6000 kc/s was tried out in 1942. The shorter wave transmission did not prove very reliable and was given up about the end of 1943. Stern. 35. Finally a beacon of the Sonne type under the name "Stern" was designed for use on a V.H. frequency. It, not unnaturally, only gave optical range and was, therefore, of no practical value and was not developed. Dora. 36. One P/W had seen documentary mention of Dora which he believed was a navigational aid system and a precursor of Komet. He did not know whether it worked on the same principle but the Komet experimental site at Kolby was on the former Dora site. Komet. 37. In 1942 the question of navigation over the Atlantic stood in the limelight . As the He 177 was supposed to be coming into service shortly to enable K.G.40 to reach further West, the need for navigational equipment of longer range became acute. 38. A year or so earlier Professor von HANDEL had categorically stated in a lecture that a long-range navigational system based on pulse would inevitably be extremely inaccurate. In view of Professor von HANDEL's views on pulse systems, an improved form of Sonne which would give much greater ranges and be less susceptible to night effect was given high priority. 39. The system evolved was called "Komet" and experimental stations were erected at Bordeaux and Kolby (see A.D.I.(K) 364/1944). The ground station called for an array of no less than 127 masts and 19 control huts in order to cover a 90° sector. It worked admirably provided a 10° sector only was covered, but as soon as the planned 90° sector was put into operation, mutual interference between the masts arose and the various lobes radiated were no longer of symmetrical pattern, with the result that large errors crept in. 40. Research on this delayed the project considerably. After the invasion when long distance reconnaissance in the Atlantic was no longer practical politics, the Komet system was given up without ever having been effectively used. The development people were the more pleased to dispense with it since it left the German radio research and industry free to deal with other more urgent matters. 41. The beacon was to operate on frequencies of 5000, 9000 or 12,000 kc/s received on the FuGe 10K, and it was estimated that ranges up to 3000 km would be obtained. The system employed was to be similar to that used in the Sonne but instead of obtaining one reading per minute, oscillation of the beam was to be speeded up to give 100 readings par minute. 42. The true bearing of the aircraft was automatically recorded by the FuGe 124 which was known as the Kometschreiber. The recording took the form of a series of vertical lines, one for each reading, printed on a strip of paper. At the same time as the lines were printed the Kometschreiber recorded the section of the swept area in which the aircraft was flying, thus giving what amounted to a rough position. 43. The fine reading was obtained from the length of the recorded lines. Any inaccuracies due to night effect could be easily eliminated by averaging the length of the lines, as recorded, on the paper strip, by eye. Erika. 44. Erika was a navigation system (see A.D.I.(K) 364 and 409/1944.) which had already reached the development stage in 1942 but its operational employment was of brief duration and it was soon discarded in favour of Bernhard. 45. Erika was based on the principle of a V.H.F. (30 - 33 mc/s) beam oscillating rapidly over a segment of about 60 – 90°. The beam was phased, a different phase being picked up in different sections of the segment and read off in relation to a standard phase producer in the aircraft. In order to obtain a fix, two such Erika stations had to be received and to receive each station no less than two E.B.L.3's were necessary making a total of four receivers. 46. The range presentation unit in the aircraft, FuGe 121, took the form of a clock-face with a needle indicator and calibrated, P/W thought, from 0 -100. A specially prepared map was required to establish bearing. 47. A disadvantage of Erika was the vulnerability to jamming, interference signals modifying the phase and thereby giving inaccurate readings. The great weight, carried and the bulk of the four receivers, which were particularly cumbersome in the relatively small aircraft in use in the G.A.F. made its widespread use impracticable. Bernhardine. 48. This system was first introduced in 1942 for use by bomber aircraft, but was later dropped in favour of the Benito and Egon control systems. With the increasing British jamming during night raids it was reintroduced for use in night fighter commentary (see A.D.I.(K) 125/1945, paras.5 to 29), which it was thought could only be jammed with great difficulty. 49. The term “Bernhard” was used for the ground stations whilst the airborne recording equipment was called Bernhardine or FuGe 120. The latter made use of the E.B.L.3. receiver as the transmissions lay in the 30-33 mc/s band. 50. At the time of the German capitulation, the following three transmitting stations were in operation, the first two, of which could transmit commentary.- -Thisted, on N.W. coast of Denmark. -Bretstedt, N. of Husum, Germany. -Trebbin, S.E. of Berlin. 51. A further station near Breslau had been almost completed when it had to be dismantled on account of the Russian advance. Additional stations were in the course of construction near Kassel, Munich, Pilsen and Vienna. 52. The Bernhardine system was looked upon as a considerable improvement on Erika. It gave 360° coverage as compared to 60/90° with Erika and, whereas from the jamming aspect stray signals could disturb the phase of Erika causing false indication, in the case of Bernhardine, interference merely resulted in no reading being possible, and furthermore to attain this through 360° a very powerful jamming transmitter flying near the ground station would be needed. 53. The Bernhardine system was not regarded as unjammable but it was thought that use of high power and aerial gain would render jamming by airborne means impracticable. 54. In addition to the E.B.L.3 receiver, the airborne Hellschreiber FuGe 120, also called the Bernhardine, which gave both bearing and commentary was employed. According to P/W the FuGe 120 was large and weighty and the first improvement aimed at was to reduce the weight and provide a set which occupied less space in the aircraft. To this end an attempt was made to eliminate the use of paper strip for the Hellschreiber and a rotating "Folienschreiber" a cellophane paper moving over a sticky carbon surface which constituted a self-eraser - was employed. This projected recording method proved a failure and the use of paper strip had to be reverted to. According to documents the type using paper strip was known as FuGe 120a, and the self-erasing recorder FuGe 120b. 55. A smaller model, the FuGe 120k, to operate on the paper strip principle which constituted the latest improvement, was still in the development stage at the conclusion of hostilities. Previously the ground transmitter broadcast simultaneously from the upper and lower aerial arrays on two frequencies close enough to one another for them both to be received on one channel of the E.B.L.3. One lobe was used for coarse D/F, the other for fine. The two frequencies were then separated by a filter before being fed into the Hellschreiber. The FuGe 120k was designed for use with a ground transmitter operating only on the coarse D/F frequency. The filter could therefore be dispensed with and considerable weight saved in the airborne set at the expense of some accuracy in D/F. 56. With the loss of D/F accuracy the sharp “V” in the vertical printing indicating the reading (see diagram A.D.I.(K) 125/1945 para.18) became a gap about 4° wide. To facilitate the reading of the centre of the gap by eye, and to reduce the size and weight of the apparatus, the vertical lines referred to above were superimposed on the scale which could then only be read in the gap. This allowed the paper strip to be considerably narrower. 57. The FuGe 120k was designed primarily for use in single seat jet aircraft but was also to be embodied in the Ju.88 where space was at a premium, as soon as sufficient numbers of this set were available. Hermine. 58. The Hermine system was originally developed, in response to a tactical requirement formulated during the second part of 1942, as a navigational aid for the purpose of giving an approximate bearing to single-engine night fighters engaged on “Wilde Sau” operations. 59. By the time the initial difficulties in development had been overcome Wilde Sau night fighting had almost ceased; it was found however that Hermine could be used to advantage by day fighters, and it came into operational use. 60. An accuracy of ±5° was assumed, but it was found in practice that this could be improved upon to ±3° by experienced pilots. 61. Thirteen or fourteen ground stations were in operation by Easter 1945 which, P/W claimed, gave complete coverage of the Reich. It was intended to fit two Schlechtwetter (bad weather) Fighter Geschwader with the necessary airborne equipment, and this program had been onethird completed by May 1945. One P/W had heard that ten to fifteen Me.262's of K.G.51 were amongst the aircraft so equipped. 62. The following may be added in modification of the description of the Hermine system given in A.D.I.(K) 125/1945, paras.59 to 62. The Hermine rotating beacon transmits a continuous tone on which is superimposed a speaking clock which counts from 1 to 35, each figure representing tens of degree. Over an angle of about 15° the continuous tone falls to a minimum and rises again. During this period the voice appears to become more audible and the pilot can estimate where the minimum of continuous tone occurs, and so obtain his bearing from the beacon. 63. The beacon recognition is given by means of a self-evident code name for example, "Berolina” for Berlin – which is spoken by the voice in place of 000°. 64. The airborne equipment is the FuGe 125 consisting of the E.B.L.3 with the Tzg (Telephoniezusatzgerät) which enables the 30.0 - 33.3 mc/s transmission picked up on the E.B.L.3 receiver to be heard in the pilot's headphones. Though the Hermine beacons were fully operational there was a scarcity of FuGe 125 sets, as a result of which practical experience of this system was too limited to judge of its efficiency or to lead to further improved tactical requirements been formulated. PULSE SYSTEM. Ingolstadt 65. All the P/W had heard reference to Ingolstadt and agreed that it was a long-range navigational system. 66. One P/W thought that Ingolstadt was the cover name for a pulse navigation system using hyperbolic curves and similar to British Gee; it was originated by Telefunken in 1938 but was then turned down by the R.L.M. In his recollection the original Telefunken idea derived from theoretical discussions at an international conference before the war. 67. As mentioned earlier under the heading of Komet, Professor von HANDEL maintained that owing to the incidence of mutual interference between direct and reflected waves the system was impracticable at long range. In consequence of von HANDEL’s view the system was dropped. 68. Much consternation and annoyance was occasioned in 1944, when it was found that the Allies were successfully operating a similar system. 69. Truhe is the cover name used to describe navigational aid system, using ground stations, similar to those of British Gee. In effect the British Gee stations were also used, the airborne sets being almost identical with the British Gee boxes. Truhe. 70. There is no very distinct difference between "Truhe" and "Hyperbel". The latter term was originally coined to denote our Gee. It was also used when German aircraft equipped with British Gee sets made use of British ground stations. 71. The British Gee chain was used successfully but it was realised that so soon as the Germans lost an aircraft, over England, a change would be made. The German "Y" service monitored the British ground stations to follow any change in Gee phasing and passed advice of such change to their aircraft by W/T. 72. Truhe referred to the German system which was ultimately to cover the 20 to 100 mc/s band and employed various types of ground transmitters including Feuerhilfe, Feuerstein, Feuerzange and Feuerland. All these transmitters could also be used to jam our own Gee, further details of which will appear in a subsequent report on German Radio Countermeasures. The original 46 to 50 mc/s system was known as Truhe I and the new 30 to 60 mc/s system as Truhe II. 73. A chain of Truhe stations was built around Berlin, primarily for training purposes and there were in addition groups of ground stations in the Schwarzwald and in Pomerania. The last named was intended for operations against Russia and it is not known if the stations were destroyed before their capture. 74. The airborne sets which were known as FuGe 122 covering 46-50 mc/s and FuGe 123 covering 25-75 mc/s were replicas of the British Gee boxes and according to P/W were equivalent to British R.1324 and R.1355. These German sets were slightly smaller and more compact than the British sets. 75. Truhe was used by F.A.G.2 and K.G.66, but up to the time of capitulation only a few FuGe 122 and FuGe 123 sets had been produced and only one R.F. box for the latter set. Baldur. 76. The Baldur range-measuring system is comparable to the British G.H. and appears to have been imitated from it. It was referred to by P/W as “Egon in reverse" and was the only navigational system developed by the German by means of which an aircraft could measure distance from a known source as opposed to fixing itself by a position line. As the G.A.F. staff were still thinking in terms of a grandiose bomber policy as late as June 1944, it was intended for use by bomber aircraft for pinpointing targets and for accurate blind bombing. 77. The wavelength employed was in the neighbourhood of 2-4 meters and fell in the SN 2 band. 78. Only two experimental transmitters, both located in Lower Silesia, were erected and one P/W maintained that this system never progressed beyond experimental trials by the manufacturers. It was eventually relegated to low priority owing to the virtual cessation of German bomber operations and the pressure of more urgent demands on radio research and the radio industry. 79. The airborne equipment was known as the FuGe 126 which was made up of a transmitter to interrogate a ground responder beacon, a receiver and a presentation unit. The receiver and transmitter were SN 2 units, though P/W thought they might have been slightly modified for use with Baldur. 80. From documents, the presentation unit appears to have been a modification of the Würzburg range measurement tube, and the accuracy is given as ± 100 meters at all ranges, but this was thought to be purely theoretical and P/W doubted whether it would have been possible to achieve this accuracy in actual practice. 81. A smaller airborne set, the FuGe 126k (k = klein = small) was built for use by single-seat aircraft. In reducing the size and weight of the set, and making it pilot-operated, accuracy had to be sacrificed. P/W, who was responsible for putting up the tactical requirements, considered a clock-face presentation to be the ideal solution. It was expected that the accuracy of the FuGe 126k would then be of the order of 500 meters independent of range. Baldur - Truhe 82. It was planned to experiment on a combination of Baldur and Truhe (Gee) for use by bombers. The intention was to use a hyperbolic grid line of Truhe for the target approach. This could be pre-set, and the pilot could fly along it by keeping the blip centralised, and could ascertain his exact position along the line by measuring his distance from a Baldur beacon. This system was considered simpler particularly for a single-seater aircraft, than the method of using two hyperbolic grid lines or two distances from Baldur beacons. The first experimental sets were to be ready in the autumn of this year. Baldur - Bernhardine 83. A further project was a combination of Baldur and Bernhardine to give simultaneous bearing and range. The range indication was to be obtained by the pilot pressing a knob when the range would appear in kilometres on a dial. This system was suggested for use by both day fighters and bombers. GROUND CONTROL SYSTEMS, Benito. 84. The Benito system of control using FuGe 16, known to the Germans as "Y", is too well known to warrant description. The following paragraphs deal with recent developments. 85. When operating the bomber Benito procedure with the narrow beam. (0.3°) essential for azimuth accuracy, it was easy for the bomber pilot to get on to one of the side lobes in error since these were only about 3° from the main beam. 86. In order to minimise the possibility of mistake and to relieve the pilot of the strain of flying on a beam, an automatic device, the FuGe 28a, was in use which was the improved and final form of the old Y-Gerät of 1941. Documents dated about June 1944 show that it was used in conjunction with FuGe 17, but P/W thought that it had been modified for use with FuGe 16ZY as well. 87. The procedure was that the bomber pilot flew on instructions conveyed over the FuGe 17 until it had been established by ground D/F stations that he was on the true beam, when the code word "Bako" would be given whereupon the pilot would switch on the FuGe 28a which took over control of the automatic pilot and kept him on the beam. 88. P/W gave the accuracy of range measurement with the Bomber Benito procedure as only ± 1 km. at maximum range. Egon. 89. The original Egon procedure which involved the use of two Freyas, the one for rough positioning and the other for fine positioning - later became known as "Egon Einstand" (One location) to differentiate from an improved system termed “Egon Zweistand” 90. Egon Zweistand was evolved to offset the inaccuracies in azimuth D/F, and cash in on the range accuracy of radar. With Zweistand a third Freya was introduced, placed some considerable distance from the other two Freyas in order to give a distance cut. It was intended for use by bomber aircraft operating over England or on long range sea missions. 91. The original Zweistand system, which was first tried out in Italy by a Schlacht unit, was somewhat primitive in that the readings from the extra Freya were telephoned through to the plotting centre and worked out before being plotted on the Seeburg table. 92. To eliminate the delay thereby involved a landline connection was introduced to feed the Freya pulse to the C.R.T., which then had two blips showing ranges from the two Freya sites. The vulnerability of landline to disturbance and destruction later led to the development of a W/T transmitter and this method was employed successfully in operations. 93. Since the Freya pulse was not strong enough to trigger off the FuGe 25A at ranges exceeding 250 kilometres, it was planned to supplant the Freya by extra powerful Wassermanns, and thereby increase the effective range of Egon Zweistand to 350 kilometres. 94. A further line of development was the provision of a new type of control table giving the exactitude of plotting necessary for pinpoint bombing. This control table, which was under development at Rechlin, made use of complicated mechanical apparatus for accurate projection of the position of the bomber. One of these tables was destroyed in the course of a daylight air attack on Rechlin in February 1945; two other tables were in existence at the time of the capitulation, and were located somewhere in Western Germany. 95. Egon when first introduced was received with some scepticism by the crews, as it was felt that it was too vulnerable to jamming. After it had been used operationally without being jammed in the attacks on London in March 1944, the procedure was adopted with greater confidence, and it gained a good reputation. As recounted in A.D.I.(K) 343/1945, Egon was always favoured by the R.L.M. technical development section in preference to Benito control. 96. A drawback of the system was its restricted range at low altitude, which according to P/W was the reason why it was not used in conjunction with V.1 operations. Nachtlicht 97. The Nachtlicht system was the first method of control not using R/T speech to be improvised by the Germans, and had been tried out during the raids on London in the spring of 1944. 98. It had been observed that the red signal lamp of the FuGe 25A was illuminated when the aircraft was being swept by a Freya, and it was suggested that use could be made of this as a means of transmitting morse signals from the ground. A Freya operating on a special wavelength, which P/W thought was 2.55 meters, was set up on the Channel coast and was used to send simple instructions to the aircraft attacking London by means of visual morse indications on the lamp of the FuGe 25A. 99. The primitive method of giving distant control indications was the forerunner of "Nachtfee", "Barbara" and "Barbarossa". 100. Luftkurier was the first development of the Nachtlicht idea. It was primitive device intended to give visual indication to the pilot by means of a pointer which was started and stopped by the reception of pulses. 101. P/W thought that Luftkurier was first tried out by K.G.66 on the Freya band, but it was so easy to jam by the addition of extra pulses that it was never developed. Nachtfee 102. Nachtfee was the term used to describe a system for the transmission of control instructions to a pilot in the beam of the controlling Freya through the medium of a C.R.T. indicator similar to the Lichtenstein range tube. The airborne equipment used was known as FuGe 136 and weighed 12 kg. 103. The original purpose of Nachtfee was, to provide a solution to the jamming of R/T control systems, and it had been used operationally by the Pathfinders of K.G.66 for mines in the Scheldt estuary. It was to be adapted for use by night fighters to overcome our jamming of the night fighter commentary. 104. Nachtfee was a system using the FuGe 25A as receiver. 105. The presentation screen in the aircraft was inscribed with various commands both on the inside and outside of a circular time trace. There was a stationary zero blip in the 12 o'clock position, and when an instruction was radiated the pulses received caused a second blip to emerge from the first and travel round the C.R. tube in a clock-wise direction, presumably by a slight change in p.r.f. This blip came to a stop and the command corresponding to its position could be read off on the inside of the time trace where a total of about eight different instructions were inscribed. It took from one to two second, for the blip to travel round the tube. 106. It was thought that the further eight commands inscribed on the outside of the time trace were denoted by the blip making a complete circle starting round a second time before coming to rest at any one of the eight sectors. In this way a total of sixteen different orders could be given. For night fighters such instructions as "turn left/right", "climb", "dive”, etc. appeared on the inner side and figures for transmitting bearing on the outer side of the trace. 107. This system was used operationally, but it was found that, apart from the susceptibility to jamming, other pulse transmissions could interfere by unlocking the system and thereby cause wrong positioning of the indicator blip. 108. Another pronounced objection to the Nachtfee lay in the fact that it was necessary for a member of the crew to watch the C.R.T. indicator uninterruptedly for missing one blip indication might give the message a false value. It was not therefore possible to use it in singleseater aircraft. Barbara 109. This apparatus, also called FuGe 138, consisted of an attachment to the FuGe 25A receiver and only weighed 2 kg. This unit contained an audio filter which allowed the pilot to hear morse signals superimposed on the Freya interrogator transmission if they were emitted on a suitable audio frequency usually about 800 cycles. By keying other morse signals on different audio frequencies and equipping aircraft with suitable filters, more than one aircraft could be controlled by a single Freya. 110. Barbara was to be used for Egon control of ground-strafing aircraft and bombers but not for night fighters. 111. In the Germans' opinion there were three disadvantages, namely that the Allies could intercept and make use of signals so transmitted, that the aircraft had to be in the beam of the Freya if it were to receive, and so an aircraft "lost" by the Freya owing to jamming could not be communicated with and finally that, though intended for single-engined aircraft, fighter pilots rarely had sufficient command of morse to be able to use this type of control. Barbarossa 112. Barbarossa was a set designed to meet the same requirements as Barbara but to remedy two of the drawback mentioned in the last paragraph. 113. The instructions to the aircraft were to be transmitted by code pulse modulations which were passed through a "pulse filter" in the airborne set and a written indication obtained on a Hellschreiber. The pulse filter and Hellschreiber unit were attachments to the FuGe 25A and were known as the FuGe 139. This apparatus was in development at Rechlin under the supervision of Stabs.Ing. von HAUTEVILLE. 114. With this arrangement pulse modulations could not be read by the Allies, and for spoof purposes in order to produce a wrong indication we would have had to know the exact type of modulation accepted by it. Visual indication was also quicker and did not depend on knowledge of morse. 115. This scheme was only in a very early stage of development and P/W were unable to give details. It was hoped that in due course it would be possible to develop matters a stage further and find a means of transmitting scrambled speech instead of morse, but P/W understood that the question of pulse modulation for speech transmission had not been solved. Rübezahl 116. Consideration had been given in 1945 to the introduction of a crude system of navigation which could be only used within the boundaries of the Reich. This was to go under the code name of Rübezahl, and the fact that it was seriously considered and actively supported by the P/W responsible for Navigational Aids on the G.A.F. signals staff is an interesting reflection of the depths to which a combination of Allied jamming under-trained fighter had forced German technique. 117. It was expected that in the course of the summer of 1945 thousands of 162 Volksjäger would be available for the protection of the Fatherland. They were to be equipped with FuGe 24, which was to become the standard G.A.F. R/T set as described in A.D.I.(K) 343/1945. This set did not for the present give Benito control facilities and indeed as they were short-range, high speed, fair-weather aircraft it was not certain that Benito control would be essentially needed. 118. It was essential that their relatively inexperienced pilots should have a simple means by which they could locate their approximate position without any additional navigation equipment having either to be manufactured or carried in the aircraft. It was therefore decided to develop a system which could be used with FuGe 24. 119. In order to direct the Volksjäger pilots to their target, recourse was to be had to the night fighter system of broadcasting a commentary, and this commentary was to be combined with the primitive navigation system Rübezahl. 120. It was therefore planned to set up ground transmitters over Germany at 30 km intervals. The transmitters were to be beamed upwards, so that at 6,000 meters the polar diagram was about 40 km in diameter and lobes from neighbouring transmitters just overlapped, thus covering the whole area. Each transmitter emitted a plain language recognition signal in the form of the name of its district, e.g. Halle, Magdeburg, etc. 121. All transmitters were to be operated on the same frequency so that to locate himself the pilot merely tuned his FuGe 24 to the frequency for the day. The ground transmitters were to be adapted from the FuGe 15 transmitters which had been manufactured in quantity as described in paras. 23-39 of A.D.I.(K) 343/1945 before it was found that the FuGe 15 was unsuitable as an airborne R/T set. They were renamed Bs.15 (Bodensender). 122. Later it was believed that the night fighters which were also to carry FuGe 24 (see appendix 1) would also use the Rübezahl commentary as yet another alternative source for vectoring themselves to the bomber stream."
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